Nanoporous Mixed-Phase In₂O₃ Nanoparticle Homojunctions for Formaldehyde Sensing

Designing a reliable sensor for indoor formaldehyde (HCHO) with high sensitivity and selectivity is crucial for environmental and health protection. This study reported HCHO sensors based on a nanoporous mixed-phase In2O3 nanoparticle. A combined cubic and orthorhombic phase In(OH)3/InOOH [c-In(OH)3/o-InOOH] precursor, synthesized through a facile solvothermal route at different temperatures, was annealed to prepare the In2O3 nanoparticle homojunction. The obtained In2O3, calcined at 350 °C, exhibited a porous structure and a large specific surface area of 81.46 cm3·g–1, facilitating more number of active sites’ exposure for HCHO-sensing reactions. Results showed that the In2O3 calcined at 350 °C exhibited the best HCHO-sensing performances at 120 °C with a large response value (330–50 ppm), good selectivity, and a short response time (12 s). Additionally, its detection limit could reach 11 ppb. This HCHO gas sensing behavior was owing to the mixed-phase homojunction structure formed between cubic and rhombohedral In2O3, the large specific surface area, and the porous structure with abundant oxygen vacancies. This study indicated that the nanoporous mixed-phase In2O3 nanoparticles could be the potential candidates for rapidly detecting HCHO at low concentration levels under low power consumption

Number of indicator fungal/bacterial OTUs detected for fresh leaf, raw and ripened Pu-erh samples.

<p>Number of indicator fungal/bacterial OTUs detected for fresh leaf, raw and ripened Pu-erh samples.</p

PCoA of Binary-Jaccard dissimilarities of microbial communities of fresh tea leaf (red), raw (blue) and ripened (orange) Pu-erh samples.

<p>The oldest raw Pu-erh sample (A6, 28 years old), indicated by an arrow in both PCoA analyses, is more similar to ripened Pu-erh than to other raw Pu-erh samples.</p

Comparison among fresh leaf, raw Pu-erh and ripened Pu-erh samples at β-diversity level.

<p>Comparison among fresh leaf, raw Pu-erh and ripened Pu-erh samples at β-diversity level.</p

OTU overlap among fresh tea leaves (red), raw (blue) and ripened (orange) Pu-erh tea samples.

<p>Venn diagrams illustrate the number of unique and shared fungal (a, c) and bacterial (b, d) OTUs. We compared both the total OTUs (a, b) and just the first 100 most abundant OTUs (c, d) in the fungal/bacterial datasets.</p

Rarefaction-based comparison of fresh tea leaf (red), raw (blue) and ripened (orange) Pu-erh samples with regard to fungal (a) and bacterial (b) richness.

<p>Fungi were rarefied at 39 507 sequences to keep all samples, while bacteria at 1103 sequences to exclude three fresh leaf samples (LN2, LS2, and LS4) and three raw Pu-erh samples (A3, A14, and A15).</p

The first 15 most abundant fungal OTUs in fresh leaf, raw and ripened Pu-erh samples.

<p>The first 15 most abundant fungal OTUs in fresh leaf, raw and ripened Pu-erh samples.</p

Detection of toxic metabolites in raw and ripened Pu-erh samples.

<p>Raw Pu-erh samples are indicated by circles, and ripened samples by squares. Mean concentrations and standard deviations of each metabolite in raw (in blue) and ripened (in orange) Pu-erh samples are marked.</p

Different Reactive Metabolites of Nevirapine Require Distinct Glutathione <i>S</i>‑Transferase Isoforms for Bioinactivation

Nevirapine (NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase-inhibitor, which is associated with severe idiosyncratic skin rash and hepatotoxicity. These adverse drug reactions are believed to be mediated by the formation of epoxides and/or quinone methide formed by oxidative metabolism by P450s and 12-sulfoxyl-NVP formed by sequential 12-hydroxylation and O-sulfonation. Although different GSH-conjugates and corresponding mercapturic acids have been demonstrated previously in vitro and in vivo, the role of the glutathione <i>S</i>-transferases in the inactivation of the different reactive metabolites has not been studied so far. In the present study the activity of 10 recombinant human glutathione <i>S</i>-transferases (GSTs) in the detoxification of the different reactive metabolites of NVP was studied. The results show that GSTP1–1 is a highly active catalyst of GSH-conjugation of the oxidative metabolites of NVP, even at high GSH-concentration. Experiments with trideuterated NVP suggest involvement of a reactive epoxide rather than quinone methide in the formation of the GSH-conjugate formed after oxidative bioactivation. GSH-conjugation of 12-sulfoxyl-NVP forming NVP-12-GSH was only catalyzed by GSTM1–1, GSTA1–1, and GSTA3–3. Although the exact expression levels of these enzymes in the skin is unknown, the relatively low activity of this catalysis makes it unlikely that GSTs can provide significant protection against this metabolite. However, since NVP-12-GSH is specifically formed via the 12-sulfoxyl-NVP, its corresponding urinary mercapturic acid can be considered as a biomarker for recent internal exposure to this protein-reactive sulfate. However, it has to be taken into account that 12-sulfoxyl-NVP is not completely trapped by GSH and that rates of bioinactivation will differ between patients due to variability in expression of GSTM1, GSTA1, and GSTA3

PTHrP NLS and C terminus deficiency results in a delay of neural stem cell differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

<p>Representative micrographs of sections from hippocampus of brains of E18.5, P1, P7 and P14 WT and <i>Pthrp</i> KI mice immunostained for (A) GFAP (brown color, magnification, ×400) and (B) MBP (brown color, magnification ×100). (C) The summary total gray (STG) of GFAP positive structures. (D) The STG of MBP positive structures. (E) Western blot analysis of hippocampus protein extracts for GFAP and MBP. β-tubulin was used as loading control. Each value is the mean±SEM of determinations in 5 mice of each group. *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001 in <i>Pthrp</i> KI mice relative to wild-type littermates. <b>##</b>, <i>P</i><0.01; <b>###</b>, <i>P</i><0.001 at the time point relative to the prior observed time point in WT mice. <b>▴▴</b>, <i>P</i><0.01; <b>▴▴▴</b>, <i>P</i><0.001 at the time point relative to the prior observed time point in <i>Pthrp</i> KI mice.</p