Pathological Features of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Induced Mastitis in Dairy Cows and Isobaric-Tags-for-Relative-and-Absolute-Quantitation Proteomic Analyses

In part as a result of the production of an enterotoxin, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a highly infectious pathogen and is a considerable threat to food hygiene and safety. Clinical mastitis models were established by <i>S. aureus</i> nipple-tube perfusion. The influence of mastitis on the mammary-gland-tissue proteomic profile was investigated using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. In this study, healthy and mastitic tissues from different mammary-gland areas of the same dairy cows were screened, and differentially expressed proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analysis identified proteins related to the inflammation and immunization of dairy cows. Histology, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical-staining analyses were used to determine the expression of PGLYRP1 and PTX3 proteins in the acquired mammary-gland-tissue samples. PGLYRP1 and PTX3 in mastitic mammary glands may be associated with tissue damage and immune responses to late stages of infection. This further contributes to the understanding of the molecular theory of the treatment of mastitis caused by <i>S. aureus</i>

Pathological Features of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Induced Mastitis in Dairy Cows and Isobaric-Tags-for-Relative-and-Absolute-Quantitation Proteomic Analyses

In part as a result of the production of an enterotoxin, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a highly infectious pathogen and is a considerable threat to food hygiene and safety. Clinical mastitis models were established by <i>S. aureus</i> nipple-tube perfusion. The influence of mastitis on the mammary-gland-tissue proteomic profile was investigated using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. In this study, healthy and mastitic tissues from different mammary-gland areas of the same dairy cows were screened, and differentially expressed proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analysis identified proteins related to the inflammation and immunization of dairy cows. Histology, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical-staining analyses were used to determine the expression of PGLYRP1 and PTX3 proteins in the acquired mammary-gland-tissue samples. PGLYRP1 and PTX3 in mastitic mammary glands may be associated with tissue damage and immune responses to late stages of infection. This further contributes to the understanding of the molecular theory of the treatment of mastitis caused by <i>S. aureus</i>

The diagnostic capability of CEUS in differential diagnosis of adnexal masses.

<p>A Earlier or simultaneous beginning of enhancement; B Hyper- or iso-enhancment; C Heterogeneous enhancement.</p

The contrast agent distribution patterns of the adnexal masses on CEUS.

<p>The contrast agent distribution patterns of the adnexal masses on CEUS.</p

A 22-year-old woman with serous cystadenocarcinoma.

<p>A: Gray-scale sonogram shows an 5.2-cm echogenic mass (arrow) with solid projection at the left of uterus. B: Color Doppler shows minimal-moderate vascularization. C: CEUS scan at 12 s shows earlier enhancement (arrow) in comparison with myometrium. D: CEUS scan at 15 s shows inhomogeneous hyper-enhancement with agent perfusion inside (arrow).</p

The dynamic changes of enhancement of the adnexal masses on CEUS.

<p>The dynamic changes of enhancement of the adnexal masses on CEUS.</p

The initial enhancement time of adnexal masses compared with myometrium on CEUS.

<p>The initial enhancement time of adnexal masses compared with myometrium on CEUS.</p

The enhancement degree of the adnexal masses on CEUS.

<p>The enhancement degree of the adnexal masses on CEUS.</p

Table1.XLSX

<p>The domestic water buffalo is native to the Asian continent but through historical migrations and recent importations, nowadays has a worldwide distribution. The two types of water buffalo, i.e., river and swamp, display distinct morphological and behavioral traits, different karyotypes and also have different purposes and geographical distributions. River buffaloes from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Mozambique, Brazil and Colombia, and swamp buffaloes from China, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Brazil were genotyped with a species-specific medium-density 90K SNP panel. We estimated the levels of molecular diversity and described population structure, which revealed historical relationships between populations and migration events. Three distinct gene pools were identified in pure river as well as in pure swamp buffalo populations. Genomic admixture was seen in the Philippines and in Brazil, resulting from importations of animals for breed improvement. Our results were largely consistent with previous archeological, historical and molecular-based evidence for two independent domestication events for river- and swamp-type buffaloes, which occurred in the Indo-Pakistani region and close to the China/Indochina border, respectively. Based on a geographical analysis of the distribution of diversity, our evidence also indicated that the water buffalo spread out of the domestication centers followed two major divergent migration directions: river buffaloes migrated west from the Indian sub-continent while swamp buffaloes migrated from northern Indochina via an east-south-eastern route. These data suggest that the current distribution of water buffalo diversity has been shaped by the combined effects of multiple migration events occurred at different stages of the post-domestication history of the species.</p

DataSheet1.docx

<p>The domestic water buffalo is native to the Asian continent but through historical migrations and recent importations, nowadays has a worldwide distribution. The two types of water buffalo, i.e., river and swamp, display distinct morphological and behavioral traits, different karyotypes and also have different purposes and geographical distributions. River buffaloes from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Mozambique, Brazil and Colombia, and swamp buffaloes from China, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Brazil were genotyped with a species-specific medium-density 90K SNP panel. We estimated the levels of molecular diversity and described population structure, which revealed historical relationships between populations and migration events. Three distinct gene pools were identified in pure river as well as in pure swamp buffalo populations. Genomic admixture was seen in the Philippines and in Brazil, resulting from importations of animals for breed improvement. Our results were largely consistent with previous archeological, historical and molecular-based evidence for two independent domestication events for river- and swamp-type buffaloes, which occurred in the Indo-Pakistani region and close to the China/Indochina border, respectively. Based on a geographical analysis of the distribution of diversity, our evidence also indicated that the water buffalo spread out of the domestication centers followed two major divergent migration directions: river buffaloes migrated west from the Indian sub-continent while swamp buffaloes migrated from northern Indochina via an east-south-eastern route. These data suggest that the current distribution of water buffalo diversity has been shaped by the combined effects of multiple migration events occurred at different stages of the post-domestication history of the species.</p