Artificial intelligence in global health equity: an evaluation and discussion on the application of ChatGPT, in the Chinese National Medical Licensing Examination

BackgroundThe demand for healthcare is increasing globally, with notable disparities in access to resources, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT, has shown promise in revolutionizing healthcare. However, potential challenges, including the need for specialized medical training, privacy concerns, and language bias, require attention.MethodsTo assess the applicability and limitations of ChatGPT in Chinese and English settings, we designed an experiment evaluating its performance in the 2022 National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) in China. For a standardized evaluation, we used the comprehensive written part of the NMLE, translated into English by a bilingual expert. All questions were input into ChatGPT, which provided answers and reasons for choosing them. Responses were evaluated for “information quality” using the Likert scale.ResultsChatGPT demonstrated a correct response rate of 81.25% for Chinese and 86.25% for English questions. Logistic regression analysis showed that neither the difficulty nor the subject matter of the questions was a significant factor in AI errors. The Brier Scores, indicating predictive accuracy, were 0.19 for Chinese and 0.14 for English, indicating good predictive performance. The average quality score for English responses was excellent (4.43 point), slightly higher than for Chinese (4.34 point).ConclusionWhile AI language models like ChatGPT show promise for global healthcare, language bias is a key challenge. Ensuring that such technologies are robustly trained and sensitive to multiple languages and cultures is vital. Further research into AI’s role in healthcare, particularly in areas with limited resources, is warranted

The Impact of Environmental Regulation on the Upgrading of Urban Industrial Structure: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Two Control Zones Policy

This paper considers the two control zones policy implemented in 1998 in China as a quasi-natural experiment, examines the impact of environmental regulation on the upgrading of urban industrial structure by constructing a DID model, and tests the heterogeneity of its role at the regional and urban levels. Results have found that: (1) From a national perspective, the two control zones policy has significantly promoted the upgrading of urban industrial structure. In addition, from the perspective of different control zones, the two control zones policy has a positive promoting effect on the upgrading of industrial structure. (2) The two control zones policy has significant long-term effects in promoting industrial structure upgrading, and its impact on industrial structure upgrading shows dynamic effects. (3) The industrial structure upgrading effect of the two control zones policy exhibits significant heterogeneity across different city scales. (4) In terms of regions, the two control zones policy has significant spatial heterogeneity

Analysis on the Steady Growth Effect of China’s Fiscal Policy from a Dynamic Perspective

Under the goal of a “new development pattern”, it is of great practical significance to accurately identify the economic growth effect of fiscal and tax policies. This paper constructs a TVP-FAVAR model to measure the economic effects of China’s fiscal and tax policies at the aggregate and structural levels. The results show that the reduction in total tax has a positive effect on real variables such as output and consumption; especially at the present stage, the promotion effect of total tax reduction on economic growth is relatively strong, but the stimulation effect on price is relatively weak. Further, the tax structure in which the ratio of direct tax to total tax increases and the ratio of indirect tax to total tax decreases is more conducive to the increase in output and consumption, and will not strongly stimulate the rise of price level. Therefore, at this stage, China should continue to vigorously implement the tax reduction policy and ensure the continuity of the tax reduction policy. At the same time, we should continue to optimize the tax structure and give better play to the regulatory role of fiscal and tax policies in income redistribution, so as to achieve the goal that fiscal and tax policies help build a “new development pattern” and promote high-quality economic development

Multivariate systems of nonexpansive operator equations and iterative algorithms for solving them in uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces with applications

Abstract We prove some existence theorems for solutions of a certain system of multivariate nonexpansive operator equations and calculate the solutions by using the generalized Mann and Halpern iterative algorithms in uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces. The results of this paper improve and extend the previously known ones in the literature

A kind of system of multivariate variational inequalities and the existence theorem of solutions

Abstract Let K be a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of a reflexive Banach space X. Let A 1 , A 2 , … , A N $A_{1}, A_{2},\ldots,A_{N}$ be N-variables monotone demi-continuous mappings from K N $K^{N}$ into X. Then: (1) the system of multivariate variational inequalities { 〈 A 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x N ) , y 1 − x 1 〉 ≥ 0 , ∀ y 1 ∈ K , 〈 A 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x N ) , y 2 − x 2 〉 ≥ 0 , ∀ y 2 ∈ K , ⋯ 〈 A N ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x N ) , y N − x N 〉 ≥ 0 , ∀ y N ∈ K , $$\textstyle\begin{cases} \langle A_{1}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{N}), y_{1}-x_{1} \rangle\geq0, &\forall y_{1} \in K,\\ \langle A_{2}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{N}), y_{2}-x_{2} \rangle\geq0, &\forall y_{2} \in K,\\ \cdots\\ \langle A_{N}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{N}), y_{N}-x_{N} \rangle\geq0, &\forall y_{N} \in K,\\ \end{cases}$$ has a solution ( x 1 ∗ , x 2 ∗ , … , x N ∗ ) ∈ K N $(x_{1}^{*},x_{2}^{*},\ldots,x_{N}^{*}) \in K^{N}$ ; (2) the set of solutions of this system of multivariate variational inequalities is closed convex in K N $K^{N}$ ; (3) if A 1 , A 2 , … , A N $A_{1}, A_{2},\ldots,A_{N}$ are also strictly monotone, this system of multivariate variational inequalities has a unique solution

Preparation and Property Study of Organosilicon Antisticking Coatings

In this article, an organosilicon antisticking coating was synthesized from vinyl silicone oil, hydrogen-containing silicone oil, and platinum catalyst. Firstly, the methyl vinyl MQ (mono and quad) silicone resin was added. When the silicone content was 30 wt.%, the shore hardness and tensile strength increased to about 27.4% and 115.9%, respectively. Furthermore, nano-SiO2 powder was added to further improve its antisticking property. This was due to the change of the surface roughness, which could greatly improve the antisticking performance. When the nano-SiO2 powder content was 2 wt.%, the surface free energy and antisticking force were the lowest and the antisticking effect was the best as well and the mechanical properties of silicone rubber had been improved

Enhanced Degradation of Decabromodiphenyl Ether via Synergetic Assisted Mechanochemical Process with Lithium Cobalt Oxide and Iron

The removal of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), as a typical persistent organic pollutant (POP), is of worldwide concern. Mechanochemical (MC) processes are promising methods to degrade environmental pollutants, most of which use a single grinding reagent. The performance of MC processes with co-milling agents still needs to be further verified. In this study, an efficient MC treatment with combined utilization of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and iron (Fe) as co-milling reagents for BDE 209 degradation was investigated. The synchronous action of LiCoO2 and Fe with a LiCoO2/Fe/Br molar ratio of 1.5:1.67:1 and a ball-to-powder ratio of 100:1 led to almost thorough-paced abatement and debromination of BDE 209 within 180 min using a ball milling rotation speed of 600 rpm. The reduction in particle sizes and the destruction of crystal structure in mixture powders with the increase in milling time induced the enhanced degradation of BDE 209, as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization showed that the valence state of Co was converted from Co(III) to Co(II), and Fe(0) was changed to Fe(III) when treated with an MC process. This indicated that the reductive debromination of BDE 209 by Fe and the following oxidative degradation of debrominated products by LiCoO2 were integrated in a concerted way. It proved the removal of BDE 209 via an MC treatment. The full breakage of C-Br and C-O bonds in BDE 209 was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) spectra, and a possible abatement pathway was also proposed based on the identified intermediate products using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These obtained results indicated that a combination of LiCoO2 and Fe as co-milling reagents is promising in the MC treatment of toxic halogenated pollutants like BDE 209