Intratympanic Gentamicin Treatment for Ménière’s Disease

Ménière’s disease (MD) is an inner-ear disease mostly characterized by frequent spontaneous vertigo and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. The main purpose of treatment for MD is to reduce or control the vertigo while maximizing the preservation of hearing. Among the various treatments, one that is effective for refractory MD, intratympanic gentamicin (ITG), relies on its ototoxic property to effectively control the vertigo symptoms of most patients. ITG treatment has relatively few side effects compared with surgically destructive treatments, but it also carries a nonnegligible risk of sensorineural hearing loss. So far, there is no consensus on the dosage and treatment duration of ITG. Most researchers recommend that intratympanic injection of gentamicin is more suitable for patients with unilateral onset and impaired hearing function, who are younger than 65 years old, as well as with frequent and severe vertigo attacks, and ineffective prior conservative treatment. Before an ITG treatment, patients should be adequately informed about the risk of hearing loss, and in order to reduce the risk of deafness, low drug dose and long intervals between injections are recommended. In short, to administer an ITG injection, multiple factors should be comprehensively considered including patient selection, pharmacological mechanism, drug dose, the interval of administration, complications, indications, and contraindications

The negation of permutation mass function

Negation is an important perspective of knowledge representation. Existing negation methods are mainly applied in probability theory, evidence theory and complex evidence theory. As a generalization of evidence theory, random permutation sets theory may represent information more precisely. However, how to apply the concept of negation to random permutation sets theory has not been studied. In this paper, the negation of permutation mass function is proposed. Moreover, in the negation process, the convergence of proposed negation method is verified. The trends of uncertainty and dissimilarity after each negation operation are investigated. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the rationality of the proposed method

A comparative study of the maximum principle and the multi-level system theory and their application

LD2668 .T4 1966 C52Master of Scienc

Pollution Attack Resistance Dissemination in VANETs Based on Network Coding

AbstractNetwork coding is widely used in the dissemination schemes of VANETs, because it can improve the network throughput. However, it will bring the pollution attack into the network, making the decoding procedure error, so vehicles can not recover the original file. Therefore, we need adopt a signature scheme to validate a piece without decoding. In the current signing schemes, the linear subspace signature scheme is to defend the pollution attack. But the length of the signature equal to the piece size required several packets to be transmitted together. Moreover, even one lost packet or polluted packet may make the whole piece dropped including the unpolluted packets, causing the limited resources to be wasted. In this paper, we adopt the padding scheme, obtain a packet-size vector which is orthogonal to linear space spanned by all packets in a generation and sign the vector, reducing the length of the signature into packet size and more importantly validating coded packets other than coded pieces in a generation. The simulation shows that our scheme has higher downloading rate, and lower downloading delay

Polychronicity, Decision-making and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy of Venture Team Founders: An Exploratory Study

Purpose - This study explores the role of polychronic temporal orientation and decision-making decentralization on founders\u27 perceptions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE). Design/methodology/approach - Longitudinal survey data were collected from 141 business founders in China. Findings - Findings suggest that decision-making decentralization is positively associated with founders\u27 ESE. In addition, a polychronic temporal orientation is positively related to ESE, and this relationship is mediated by decision-making decentralization. Originality/value - This study adds to existing knowledge on ESE and temporal related issues by presenting empirical evidence that explains how and why the temporal orientation context and the practice of decision-making decentralization can shape ESE perceptions among venture founders