KOREA OUTBOUND TOURISM TO SEVEN COUNTRIES: VAR MODEL AND GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST

This paper investigates the causal relationship among Korean outbound tourism demand for seven countries such as United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Since there are no long-run relationships among Korean outbound tourism demand for those international destinations the vector autoregressive (VAR) model is used for testing such causality. From the causality results, we found United States is leading country for Korean outbound tourism demand. When Korean tourism demands for United States increase, those for the other countries get a raise. Also, tourism demand for Thailand is influenced by tourism demands for three countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore and United States. Our results imply that government and managerial implications are recognized based on the empirical findings

(E)-2,2′-[3-(2-Nitro­phen­yl)prop-2-ene-1,1-di­yl]bis­(3-hy­droxy­cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one)

In the title compound, C21H21NO6, each of the cyclo­hexenone rings adopts a half-chair conformation. Each of the pairs of hy­droxy and carbonyl O atoms are oriented to allow for the formation of intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which are typical of xanthene derivatives

Interrelationships Among Korean Outbound Tourism Demand:Granger Causality Analysis

This study investigated Korean outbound tourism demand and its determinants using the Granger causality (GC) analysis. In contrast to previous studies, which dealt only with internal factors, such as exchange rate and income, this study examined the effects of interactions among countries and, therefore, more complete and relevant results were found. Korean outbound tourism to the USA is causally related to Korean outbound tourism to the other six countries in this present study. These results can be applicable for the purpose of tourism marketing and strategies for industries and governments to allocate tourism resources more efficiently.This paper is forthcoming in Tourism Economics

Quantile Elasticity of International Tourism Demand for South Korea using Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model

This paper investigates international inbound tourism demand for South Korea and its determinants using quantile autoregressive model. In contrast to previous studies which dealt with only conditional mean, we examine effects of covariates at various conditional quantile levels; and therefore, more complete and interesting results are found. For inbound tourism demand, U.S. and Japanese tourism  demand are considered. For U.S. tourism demand, costs of living in Korea and competing destinations have moderate significant negative effects only at very high and low quantiles, while income does not have any significant effect to tourism demand. On the other hand, for Japanese tourism demand, income has significantly positive effects at lower quantiles, and living costs in Korea and competing destinations have significant negative effects at higher quantiles. These results address the heterogeneity in the tourism demand analysis.This paper has been accepted for publication to Tourism Economics

(E)-2,2′-[3-(2-Nitro­phen­yl)prop-2-ene-1,1-di­yl]bis­(3-hy­droxy-5,5-dimethyl­cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one)

In the title compound, C25H29NO6, each of the cyclo­hexenone rings adopts a half-chair conformation. Each of the pairs of hy­droxy and carbonyl O atoms are oriented to allow for the formation of intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which are typical of xanthene derivatives. The nitro group is rotationally disordered over two orientations in a 0.544 (6):0.456 (6) ratio. In the crystal, weak inter­molecualr C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into layers parallel to the ab plane

2,2-[(E)-3,3-Diphenyl­prop-2-ene-1,1-di­yl]bis­(3-hy­droxy­cyclo­hex-2-en-1-one)

In the title compound, C27H26O4, each of the cyclo­hexenone rings adopts a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 89.53 (5)°. The hy­droxy and carbonyl O atoms face each other and are orientated to allow the formation of two intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which are typical of xanthene derivatives

(E)-9-(4-Chloro­styr­yl)-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexa­hydro-2H-xanthene-1,8-dione

In the title compound, C21H19ClO3, the two cyclo­hexenone rings adopt half-chair conformations, whereas the pyran ring adopts a boat conformation. The 4-chloro­phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the plane through the four C atoms of the pyran ring [dihedral angle = 87.97 (6)°]. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a chain parallel to the a-axis

Direct observation of CD4 T cell morphologies and their cross-sectional traction force derivation on quartz nanopillar substrates using focused ion beam technique

Direct observations of the primary mouse CD4 T cell morphologies, e.g., cell adhesion and cell spreading by culturing CD4 T cells in a short period of incubation (e.g., 20 min) on streptavidin-functionalized quartz nanopillar arrays (QNPA) using a high-content scanning electron microscopy method were reported. Furthermore, we first demonstrated cross-sectional cell traction force distribution of surface-bound CD4 T cells on QNPA substrates by culturing the cells on top of the QNPA and further analysis in deflection of underlying QNPA via focused ion beam-assisted technique

[2-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-5-phenyl­oxolan-3-yl](cyclo­penten­yl)methanone

In the title compound, C22H21ClO2, the oxolane ring adopts a twisted conformation. The dihedral angles between the mean plane of the oxolane ring and the mean planes of the 4-chloro­phenyl, phenyl and cyclo­pentenyl rings are 71.81 (18), 76.9 (18) and 82.08 (18)°, respectively