Prevalence of non-contact and contact childhood sexual abuse: An Internet-based sample of men who have sex with men in China

<div><p>Background</p><p>The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is high among Western men who have sex with men (MSM), and CSA is associated with certain socio-demographic variables and with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Little is known about CSA among Chinese MSM; therefore, we explored the prevalence and frequency of non-contact (e.g., sexual invitations, exhibitionism) and contact (e.g., intercourse, genital contact) forms of CSA in an Internet-based sample of MSM in China. We also examined the associations between the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and HIV status, and their histories of CSA.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We surveyed MSM from 30 Chinese provinces in 2014–2015; 1,030 (mean age = 25.15 years, SD = 6.32) and 1,020 (mean age = 25.05 years, SD = 5.95) respondents were eligible for inclusion in the non-contact and contact CSA groups, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>Prevalence of non-contact and contact CSA was 36.2% and 29.8%, respectively; 20.4% and 15.0% had experienced non-contact and contact CSA ≥ 3 times, respectively. Most respondents were young adults, well educated, single, had never “come out,” and self-identified as gay or bisexual men. Univariate analyses showed that respondents who had experienced contact CSA were more likely to be HIV-positive than those who had never experienced contact CSA. Multivariate analyses showed that non-contact CSA was associated with less education, being in a relationship with a woman or a man, and having “come out.” Contact CSA was associated with less education, higher income, and being in a relationship with a man. Respondents who had experienced non-contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated, “out,” and to be in a relationship with a woman or a man. Respondents who had experienced contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated and to be in a relationship with a man.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>It is necessary to pay closer attention to CSA among MSM and other sexual minorities in China.</p></div

Frequency of non-contact childhood sexual abuse among the participants by socio-demographic characteristics and HIV status (N = 1,030).

<p>Frequency of non-contact childhood sexual abuse among the participants by socio-demographic characteristics and HIV status (N = 1,030).</p

Multivariate analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics associated with N-CSA and C-CSA in a Chinese sample of MSM.

<p>Multivariate analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics associated with N-CSA and C-CSA in a Chinese sample of MSM.</p

The Relationship of Acculturation Strategies to Resilience: The Moderating Impact of Social Support among Qiang Ethnicity following the 2008 Chinese Earthquake

<div><p>International research has mostly confirmed the positive association between acculturation strategies and resilience in ethnic groups, but the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relationships are still under-investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between acculturation strategies (based on two cultural identities) and resilience of 898 Qiang ethnicity volunteers (mean age = 29.5), especially exploring the mediating and moderating effects of personality, spiritual belief and social support on the relationship between acculturation strategy (using two cultural identities as latent variables in model analysis) and resilience following the occurrence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, taking such mechanisms into account. Results were as follows: (1) All variable presented significant positive correlations; (2) Consistent with the mediating hypotheses, personality and spiritual beliefs played a partial mediating role in the relationship between two cultural identities and resilience; (3) High or low level of perceived social support had a moderating effect on cultural identities and resilience; (4) The integration strategy was the most optimal style to promote the development of resilience, but marginalization was the least effective style.</p></div

The mediation effect structural equation model of fit indices.

<p>The mediation effect structural equation model of fit indices.</p

Additional file 1: of Internalized homophobia, mental health, sexual behaviors, and outness of gay/bisexual men from Southwest China

Questionnaire of the study. (DOCX 31 kb

The moderation effect structural equation model of fit indices.

<p>The moderation effect structural equation model of fit indices.</p

The interaction graph of resilience.

<p>Note. Qiang cultural identity = QCI, National cultural identity = NCI, C1 = Low QCI and Low NCI, C2 = High QCI and Low NCI, C3 = Low QCI and High NCI, C4 = High QCI and High NCI.</p

The conceptual model of resilience.

<p>The conceptual model of resilience.</p

Zero-order correlations, descriptive statistics among all variables (<i>N</i> = 898).

<p>Zero-order correlations, descriptive statistics among all variables (<i>N</i> = 898).</p