Shared phyla among the 16S rRNA gene libraries from four healthy rhinoceroses¹.

1<p>The phyla in bold letters represent core fecal microbiota.</p

Fecal bacterial community at the phylum level.

<p>Relative abundance of bacterial groups (phylum level) in the feces of five white rhinoceroses.</p

Table_2_Effects of Intravenous Infusion With Sodium Butyrate on Colonic Microbiota, Intestinal Development- and Mucosal Immune-Related Gene Expression in Normal Growing Pigs.DOCX

<p>This study aimed to investigate effects of intravenous infusion with sodium butyrate (SB) on colonic microbiota, intestinal mucosal immune and intestinal development in normal growing pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) fitted with a medical polyethylene cannula via internal jugular vein were daily infused with 10 ml SB (200 mmol/l) or the same volume of physiological saline for 7 days. Results showed that SB infusion had no effects on the short-chain fatty acids concentrations and the number of total bacteria, but significantly increased the microbial richness estimators (ACE and Chao1), and the abundance of genera related to Clostridiales order in the colonic digesta (P < 0.05). SB infusion significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the colon, while no change was found in the ileum. Only the relative mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 gene was decreased significantly in the ileum by SB infusion. On the contrary, in the colon, SB infusion significantly decreased the gene expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, IL-12p40, and TNF-α (P < 0.05), but significantly increased the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the expression of intestinal development-related gene zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) (P < 0.05). The results suggest that systemic SB can modify colonic microbial composition, regulate the inflammatory cytokine- and intestinal development-related gene expression in pigs under the normal physiological condition. This study may provide an alternative strategy for improving the intestinal health of normal piglets.</p

The predominant core microbiota (family level) in the samples from four healthy rhinoceroses¹.

1<p>The core microbiota were generated from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070103#pone-0070103-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p

Fecal bacterial community at the family level.

<p>Relative abundance of bacterial groups (family level) in the feces of five white rhimoceroses.</p

Fecal bacterial community at the genus level.

<p>Relative abundance of bacterial groups (genus level) in the feces of five white rhinoceroses.</p

Bacterial distribution among the five samples.

<p>Double dendrogram showing the bacterial distribution among the fecal samples of five rhinoceroses. The bacterial phylogenetic tree was calculated using the neighbor-joining method, and the relationship among samples was determined using Bray distance and the complete clustering method. Total 50 genera with the abundance higher than 0.1% within total bacteria were sorted for the analysis. The heatmap plot depicts the relative percentage of each bacterial genus (variables clustering on the Y-axis) within each sample (X-axis clustering). The relative values for the bacterial genus are depicted by color intensity in the legend indicated at the top of the figure. Clusters based on the distance of the five samples along the X-axis and the bacterial genera along the Y-axis are indicated at the top and bottom of the figure, respectively.</p

Information on the rhinoceroses used in this study.

<p>Information on the rhinoceroses used in this study.</p

Shared phyla among the 16S rRNA gene libraries from five rhinoceroses.

<p>Shared phyla among the 16S rRNA gene libraries from five rhinoceroses.</p

Rarefaction curves.

<p>Rarefaction curves comparing the number of reads with the number of phylotypes found in the DNA in the feces of five rhinoceroses.</p