Simple and convenient method for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells serum-free medium development

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Subcellular Organelles in Immune Responses of Severe Asthma: The Roles of Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum

Subcellular organelles including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are now considered as one major target for many therapeutic approaches. In fact, recent evidence has uncovered the roles of mitochondria as a direct inflammatory and immune controller and contributor to the diseases by metabolic dysfunction and/or their abnormal dynamics. In addition, one of the important subcellular organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, also plays as an immune responder in several diseases including bronchial asthma. Recently, we have reported that the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the pathogenesis of steroid-resistant severe bronchial asthma through the modulation of immune responses such as production of regulatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings indicate that the subcellular organelles and their complex can be a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies including medicines to cure severe asthma. This chapter is aimed to present the state-of-art information regarding the role of subcellular organelles in severe asthma

Physical and Radiobiological Evaluation of Radiotherapy Treatment Plan

Radiation treatment planning plays an important role in modern radiation therapy; it could simulate to plan the geometric, radiobiological, and dosimetric aspects of the therapy using radiation transport simulations and optimization. In this chapter, we have reviewed several quantitative methods used for evaluating radiation treatment plans and discussed some important considering points. For the purpose of quantitative plan evaluation, we reviewed dosimetrical indexes like PITV, CI, TCI, HI, MHI, CN, COSI, and QF. Furthermore, radiobiological indexes like Niemierko’s EUD-based TCP and NTCP were included for the purpose of radiobiological outcome modeling. Additionally, we have reviewed dose tolerance for critical organs including RTOG clinical trial results, QUENTEC data, Emami data, and Milano clinical trial results. For the purpose of clinical evaluation of radiation-induced organ toxicity, we have reviewed RTOG and EORTC toxicity criteria. Several programs could help for the easy calculation and analysis of dosimetrical plan indexes and biological results. We have reviewed the recent trend in this field and proposed further clinical use of such programs. Along this line, we have proposed clinically optimized plan comparison protocols and indicated further directions of such studies