Primers used for the generation of the recombinant proteins.

(DOCX)</p

Summary of parasite proteins in serum-derived exosomes from <i>E</i>. <i>multilocularis</i>-infected mice.

Summary of parasite proteins in serum-derived exosomes from E. multilocularis-infected mice.</p

Summary of Proteins identified of serum-derived exosomes.

(DOCX)</p

Parasite-origin protein components in serum-derived exosomes in response to <i>E</i>. <i>multilocularis</i> infection.

(A) Immune electron microscopy of EVs isolated from the sera of E. multilocularis-infected and uninfected mice using anti-Em14-3-3 antibodies. The red arrows indicated the parasite-derived EVs. (B) Western blotting analysis of TPx-1, TER ATPase, and FBPA in the serum-derived exosomes at 30-, 60-, 90-day post infection. The uninfected mouse sera were used as control. (C) Immunofluorescence localization of TER ATPase and TPx-1 in the E. multilocularis-infected mouse liver. CW, cyst wall; GL, germinal layer; HF, hydatid fluid; LL, laminated layer; ps, protoscolexs; liver, mouse liver. The nucleus was stained by DAPI. Localization of TER ATPase or TPx-1 was indicated by yellow arrows. (D) The recombinant TPx-1 and TER ATPase could recognize by E. multilocularis-positive sera at 30-, 60, 90-day post infection. The pre-infection sera (at 0-day post infection) were used as control.</p

The dynamic changes of mouse proteins in serum-derived exosomes in response to <i>E</i>. <i>multilocularis</i> infection.

(A) and (B) Transmission electron microscopy of the enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from the sera of E. multilocularis-infected (A) and uninfected mice (B). (C) The diameter distribution of the purified EVs. (D) Western blotting analysis of mammalian EV-marker CD63 in the purified EVs. (E) Heatmap of differentially abundance proteins between the serum exosomes from E. multilocularis-infected and uninfected mice. (F) Western blotting analysis the abundance of TGF-β1, GPATC8, LRP1, and AMY1 during E. multilocularis infection.</p

The performance of TPx-1 and TER ATPase in diagnosis of animal echinococcosis.

(DOCX)</p

Preparation of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant TPx-1 or TER ATPase.

(A) and (B) SDS-PAGE analysis of purified recombinant TPx-1 or TER ATPase (truncated).(C) Western blotting analysis of native TPx-1 using anti-TPx-1 polyclonal antibodies. (D) Western blotting analysis of native TER ATPase using anti-TER ATPase polyclonal antibodies. (TIF)</p

Summary of the differentially abundant proteins in serum-derived exosomes from <i>E</i>. <i>multilocularis</i>-infected mice.

Summary of the differentially abundant proteins in serum-derived exosomes from E. multilocularis-infected mice.</p

The early diagnostic values of TPx-1 or TER ATPase in <i>E</i>. <i>multilocularis</i>-infected mice using ELISA.

For each antigen, the positive cut-off values were calculated by the OD value of each test serum (S) divided by the mean OD value of healthy sera (N). Samples with an S/N value not less than 2 were considered to be positive.</p

The performance of TPx-1 and TER ATPase in diagnosis of human echinococcosis.

The performance of TPx-1 and TER ATPase in diagnosis of human echinococcosis.</p