Solar disinfection potentials of aqua lens, photovoltaic and glass bottle subsequent to plant-based coagulant: for low-cost household water treatment systems

Abstract Unaffordable construction cost of conventional water treatment plant and distribution system in most developing countries makes difficult to provide safe and adequate water for all households, especially for the rural setup. Water treatment at the source can be the best alternative. Solar disinfection is one alternative among point of use treatments. In this study, aqua lens, photovoltaic box and glass bottle were used subsequent to plant coagulants to evaluate microbial reduction potentials. Laboratory- and field-based experiments were conducted from May to August 2016. The Escherichia coli, total coliforms and heterotrophic plate counts were used as indicator organisms. The result indicated that aqua lens (AL), photovoltaic box (PV) and glass bottle (GB) have high inactivation rate subsequently almost for all indicator organisms in short solar exposure time. Total coliforms were inactivated in AL (SD = 15.8 °C, R 2 = 0.92) followed by PV inactivation temperature association (SD = 11.6 C, R 2 = 0.90), and the GB concentrator was inactivated (SD = 10.9 °C, R 2 = 0.70) at turbidity level of 3.41 NTU. As the study indicated, aqua lens coupled with Moringa oleifera coagulant can be an effective with minimum cost for household water treatment system. The study also concludes heterotrophic bacteria were more resistant than other types of bacteria in SODIS with similar exposure time

Postnatal care service utilization and associated factors among women in Goba woreda, Bale zone, Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study

Background: Postnatal care of mothers is essential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Providing postnatal care to recently delivered mothers is quite essential. The aim of the study was to determine the postnatal care utilization and associated factors among women who gave birth in the last 12 months in Goba woreda, Bale Zone, Ethiopia, 2020.Subjects and Method: A community based quantitative cross-sectional study was conduct­ed in Goba woreda from March to April, 2020 among reproductive age group mothers who gave birth the in last 12 months prior this data collection. In this study 422 subjects were conducted using Lottery method to select them. The independent variables were socio-demo­graphics charctestics and obstetrics’ health related factors with outcome variable of post­natal care service utilization. Binary and multi­variable logistic regressions analysis were computed to evaluate the factors associated with postnatal care services utilization.Results: In this study a total of 422 women were interviewed with a response rate of 100%. Out of the total respondents, 178 (42.2%) uti­lized postnatal care service after delivery within six weeks of their last birth. Educational level of mothers (OR= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.06 to 3.62; p= 0.050) maternal knowledge on postpartum danger sign & symptoms (OR= 1.78; 95% CI= 1.16 to 2.72; p= 0.010) pregnancy desire (OR= 1.89; 95% CI= 1.67 to 3.35; p= 0.050) ANC visit (OR= 2.80; 95% CI= 1.32 to 5.97; p= 0.010) and place of deliver (OR= 2.09; 95% CI= 1.30 to 3.34; p= 0.010) had showed statistical signi­ficant association with postnatal care utilization.Conclusion: More than half of respondents in Goba woreda were not utilized postnatal care service. Maternal educational status, maternal knowledge on postnatal danger signs and symptom, pregnancy desire for youngest child, ANC attendance and place of delivery found to be independent predictors for PNC service utili­zation.Keywords: postnatal care, delivery, post­partum, Bale zone, danger signCorrespondence: Yonas Lamore. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Science, Debre Markos University. Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2021), 06(04): 455-466https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.04.0

Diarrhea Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia

Background. Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality among infants and children younger than 5 years of age in both underdeveloped and developing countries. Factors determining the occurrence of diarrhea in children are complex, and the relative contribution of each factor varies as a function of interaction between socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral variables. Objectives. To assess diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors of diarrheal disease among caregivers who have under-five children in Enemay district, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was done from June 1–30, 2018, among 398 caregivers who have under-five children, in the Enemay district that were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. A structured and pretested data collection tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered using EPI DATA version 4.2, and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical package to be cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to describe study participants, and logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) analysis was done to identify factors that have association with the dependent variable. The P value was less than 0.05. Results. A total of 398 with a response rate of 97% under-five caregivers were participated in this study. Nearly, half (48.7%) of the participants were in the age group 25–34. The study revealed that good practice of diarrhea prevention was 52.8%. This study was also identified that occupation (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.593, 9.657), family size (AOR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.916), and understanding on diarrhea (AOR: 0.237, 95% CI: 0.091, 0.613) were associated factors of diarrhea prevention practice of under-five children caregivers. Conclusion. This finding showed that diarrhea prevention practice among under-five children caregivers was low and prevention practice was significantly associated with caregivers’ awareness on frequency of diarrhea in a day, occupation, and family size in a house

Prevalence of Neonatal Sepsis in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction. Neonatal sepsis is a systemic infection occurring in infants during the first 4 weeks of life and is a major cause of mortality and morbidities of newborns due to their age-related weak and immature immune systems. In Ethiopia, despite many studies being conducted on neonatal sepsis, the reported findings are inconsistent. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of neonatal sepsis to enhance the utility and interpretation of the evidence. Methods. An extensive systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to extract studies on the prevalence of neonatal sepsis in Ethiopia. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Two independent authors selected and extracted the data from each included article. The heterogeneity of included studies was assessed using the Higgins I2 test, and a random-effects model was performed in Stata/se Version 14. Results. Eighteen studies with a sample size of 10,495 study subjects were included with a reported range of neonatal sepsis from 17% to 78%. The pooled prevalence of neonatal sepsis was 45% (95% CI: 35, 55; I2=99.3%, p<0.01). Early onset neonatal sepsis was found to have a prevalence of 75.4% (95% CI: 68.3, 82.6). Subgroup analysis in the study area (i.e., by region) was calculated revealing the highest neonatal sepsis in Amhara region at 64.4% (95% CI: 44.9, 84.0) and the lowest in Southern Nations, Nationality, and People at 28% (95% CI: 16, 40). Conclusion. In this review, the prevalence of neonatal sepsis in Ethiopia was found to be high, especially in terms of early onset neonatal sepsis. As a result of the findings, it is important to consider the early and optimal points for interventions to better manage the prevalence and outcomes of neonatal sepsis. Further research is needed to investigate the neonatal sepsis status at different regions and associated factors for neonatal sepsis not yet studied

Prevalence and Predictors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Prison Inmates in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction. Prisoners in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are at a high risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection due to overcrowding and poor ventilation. Consequently, TB is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in prison, and many inmates face a number of barriers to TB control and had limited information in the region. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of pulmonary TB and predictors among prison inmates in SSA. Methods. From 2006 to 2019, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. The data were extracted in Microsoft Excel using a standardized data extraction format, and the analysis was carried out with STATA version 14. To detect heterogeneity across studies, the I2 and the Cochrane Q test statistics were computed. To determine the overall prevalence of TB and predictors among prison populations, a random effect meta-analysis model was used. Results. Of the 3,479 retrieved articles, 37studies comprising 72,844 inmates met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of pulmonary TB among prison inmates in SSA was 7.74% (95% CI: 6.46-8.47). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was found in the Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) (19.72%) followed by Zambia (11.68%) and then Ethiopia (9.22%). TB/HIV coinfection (OR 4.99 (95% CI: 2.60-9.58)), Body mass index (BMI<18.5) (OR 3.62 (95% CI: 2.65-6.49)), incarceration (OR 4.52 (95% CI: 2.31-5.68)), and previous TB exposure (OR 2.43 (95% CI: 1.61-3.56)) had higher odds of pulmonary TB among inmates. Conclusion. The prevalence of pulmonary TB among SSA prison inmates was found to be high as compared to total population. TB/HIV coinfection, BMI, incarceration duration, and TB exposure were all predictors with pulmonary tuberculosis in prison inmates. As a result, emphasizing early screening for prisoners at risk of pulmonary TB is an important point to achieving global TB commitments in resource-limited settings