Brain Volume Changes after COVID-19 Compared to Healthy Controls by Artificial Intelligence-Based MRI Volumetry.

peer reviewedCohort studies that quantify volumetric brain data among individuals with different levels of COVID-19 severity are presently limited. It is still uncertain whether there exists a potential correlation between disease severity and the effects of COVID-19 on brain integrity. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of COVID-19 on measured brain volume in patients with asymptomatic/mild and severe disease after recovery from infection, compared with healthy controls, using artificial intelligence (AI)-based MRI volumetry. A total of 155 participants were prospectively enrolled in this IRB-approved analysis of three cohorts with a mild course of COVID-19 (n = 51, MILD), a severe hospitalised course (n = 48, SEV), and healthy controls (n = 56, CTL) all undergoing a standardised MRI protocol of the brain. Automated AI-based determination of various brain volumes in mL and calculation of normalised percentiles of brain volume was performed with mdbrain software, using a 3D T1-weighted magnetisation-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence. The automatically measured brain volumes and percentiles were analysed for differences between groups. The estimated influence of COVID-19 and demographic/clinical variables on brain volume was determined using multivariate analysis. There were statistically significant differences in measured brain volumes and percentiles of various brain regions among groups, even after the exclusion of patients undergoing intensive care, with significant volume reductions in COVID-19 patients, which increased with disease severity (SEV > MILD > CTL) and mainly affected the supratentorial grey matter, frontal and parietal lobes, and right thalamus. Severe COVID-19 infection, in addition to established demographic parameters such as age and sex, was a significant predictor of brain volume loss upon multivariate analysis. In conclusion, neocortical brain degeneration was detected in patients who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to healthy controls, worsening with greater initial COVID-19 severity and mainly affecting the fronto-parietal brain and right thalamus, regardless of ICU treatment. This suggests a direct link between COVID-19 infection and subsequent brain atrophy, which may have major implications for clinical management and future cognitive rehabilitation strategies

Usama bi laden s al-qaida : profile of a terrorist network/ Alexander

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Cases and Materials on Terrorism: Three Nations’ Response

This book fills an important gap in the literature on terrorism. It is designed as a case book, including seminal cases which set out the fundamental rules or principles applicable when circumstances are sufficiently intense to warrant use of the term terrorism\u27. The United Kingdom is used as a primary source because English law regulating political violence has been continually refined in the 300 years since the Glorious Revolution and has served as a paradigm for other countries that derive their jurisprudence from that experience. Ireland represents what might be called the post-revolutionary variation. Its laws were drafted and are administered by rebels and the children of rebels, who clearly recall the successes and failures of the British campaigns in their country, and who continue to observe the repercussions of pacification efforts in Northern Ireland. Because there are fewer Irish court decisions and because Irish law in many instances mirrors the law of the United Kingdom, only that Irish material which adds a distinctive perspective is included. The United States presents a third, peaceful model and a country which is increasingly confronted by terrorist acts. The themes addressed in this book revolve around legal efforts to reconcile security considerations with those liberal democratic values which the nations consider to be their constitutional heritage. Part I looks at the treatment of aliens - both those who seek admission and those admitted whom the state decides to expel. Part II examines selected problems involving citizens\u27 rights, and the extent (if any) to which these rights can be impaired by anti-terrorist measures. Part III focuses on these institutional restraints on governmental behavior derived from legislation or from common law.https://scholarship.law.edu/fac_books/1078/thumbnail.jp

Cases and Materials on Terrorism: Three Nations’ Response

This book fills an important gap in the literature on terrorism. It is designed as a case book, including seminal cases which set out the fundamental rules or principles applicable when circumstances are sufficiently intense to warrant use of the term terrorism\u27. The United Kingdom is used as a primary source because English law regulating political violence has been continually refined in the 300 years since the Glorious Revolution and has served as a paradigm for other countries that derive their jurisprudence from that experience. Ireland represents what might be called the post-revolutionary variation. Its laws were drafted and are administered by rebels and the children of rebels, who clearly recall the successes and failures of the British campaigns in their country, and who continue to observe the repercussions of pacification efforts in Northern Ireland. Because there are fewer Irish court decisions and because Irish law in many instances mirrors the law of the United Kingdom, only that Irish material which adds a distinctive perspective is included. The United States presents a third, peaceful model and a country which is increasingly confronted by terrorist acts. The themes addressed in this book revolve around legal efforts to reconcile security considerations with those liberal democratic values which the nations consider to be their constitutional heritage. Part I looks at the treatment of aliens - both those who seek admission and those admitted whom the state decides to expel. Part II examines selected problems involving citizens\u27 rights, and the extent (if any) to which these rights can be impaired by anti-terrorist measures. Part III focuses on these institutional restraints on governmental behavior derived from legislation or from common law.https://scholarship.law.edu/fac_books/1078/thumbnail.jp

Enforcing Against Terrorism by State and Non-State Actors

Moderator: Horace B. Robertson, Professor Emeritus, Duke University School of Law Presenters: Malvina Halberstam, Professor of Law, Yeshiva University, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Neil C. Livingstone, President, Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict Discussants: W. Michael Reisman, Wesley N. Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence, Yale Law School Yonah Alexander, Research Professor of Law, George Washington Universit