As aplicações de TLBL podem melhorar os aspectos do TEA relacionados a distúrbios no microbioma intestinal, atividade mitocondrial e função da rede neural

Autism Spectrum Disorder constitutes a complex, elaborate, and diverse condition at a developmental, biological, and neurophysiological level. It is recognized primarily by the behavioral manifestations of the individual in communication, social interaction, and by extension in his cognitive development and adaptation to society as a whole. A wide range of studies have linked the pathophysiology of autism to dysfunctional elements in the development and function of mitochondria, cells, neurons, and the gastrointestinal microbiome. Low Light Laser Therapy (LLLT) is an innovative, emerging, non-invasive treatment method. It utilizes low levels of red light/near-infrared light positively affecting biological and pathological processes of the body by enhancing cellular, mitochondrial stimulation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and immune system development, regulating the gut microbiome's function. The retrospective literature review focuses on the possibility of effective use of the method in autism. According to the literature, LLLT does not have many applications in patients with ASD and is still in the early stages of its use in the disorder. However, the results of the studies highlight its therapeutic effect in several areas related to the disease, pointing out that it is a promising therapeutic approach for the evolution of autism in the future.El Trastorno del Espectro Autista constituye una condición compleja, elaborada y diversa a nivel del desarrollo, biológico y neurofisiológico. Se reconoce principalmente por las manifestaciones conductuales del individuo en la comunicación, la interacción social y por extensión en su desarrollo cognitivo y adaptación a la sociedad en su conjunto. Una amplia gama de estudios ha relacionado la fisiopatología del autismo con elementos disfuncionales en el desarrollo y función de las mitocondrias, las células, las neuronas y el microbioma gastrointestinal. La terapia con láser con poca luz (LLLT) es un método de tratamiento innovador, emergente y no invasivo. Utiliza niveles bajos de luz roja/luz infrarroja cercana que afectan positivamente los procesos biológicos y patológicos del cuerpo al mejorar la estimulación celular, mitocondrial, la neurogénesis, la sinaptogénesis y el desarrollo del sistema inmunológico, regulando la función del microbioma intestinal. La revisión retrospectiva de la literatura se centra en la posibilidad de un uso eficaz del método en el autismo. Según la literatura, la LLLT no tiene muchas aplicaciones en pacientes con TEA y aún se encuentra en las primeras etapas de su uso en el trastorno. Sin embargo, los resultados de los estudios destacan su efecto terapéutico en varias áreas relacionadas con la enfermedad, señalando que es un enfoque terapéutico prometedor para la evolución del autismo en el futuro.O Transtorno do Espectro Autista constitui uma condição complexa, elaborada e diversificada em nível de desenvolvimento, biológico e neurofisiológico. É reconhecida principalmente pelas manifestações comportamentais do indivíduo na comunicação, interação social e, por extensão, em seu desenvolvimento cognitivo e adaptação à sociedade como um todo. Uma ampla gama de estudos ligou a fisiopatologia do autismo a elementos disfuncionais no desenvolvimento e função das mitocôndrias, células, neurônios e do microbioma gastrointestinal. Terapia a laser de baixa luminosidade (TLBL) é um método de tratamento inovador, emergente e não invasivo. Ele utiliza baixos níveis de luz vermelha/luz quase infravermelha (NIR) afetando positivamente os processos biológicos e patológicos do corpo, melhorando a estimulação celular, mitocondrial, neurogênese, sinaptogênese e desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico, regulando a função do microbioma intestinal. A revisão retrospectiva da literatura enfoca a possibilidade de uso efetivo do método no autismo. De acordo com a literatura, a TLBL não tem muitas aplicações em pacientes com TEA e ainda está em estágios iniciais de seu uso no transtorno. No entanto, os resultados dos estudos destacam seu efeito terapêutico em diversas áreas relacionadas à doença, apontando que é uma abordagem terapêutica promissora para a evolução do autismo no futuro

Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using a diode laser 635 nm as an adjunct to conventional chemo-mechanical edodontic procedures against enterococcus faecalis biofilm: ex-vivo study

The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the use of Toluidine Blue (TB) on extracted teeth infected with biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty-four extracted teeth with single-roots and single canals were mechanically shaped, autoclaved, and contaminated with E. faecalis. They were randomly divided into six groups: two groups were negative and positive control groups, two groups were subjected to mechanical instrumentation and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times, and two groups were subjected to chemo-mechanical endodontic treatment and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times. In PDT groups, after the application of TB, the canals were irradiated with a diode laser of wavelength 635 nm, with a fiber diameter of 200 μm and 100 mW of power in continuous mode. The bacterial load was evaluated using a BioTimer Assay protocol. The greatest reduction of bacterial load was observed in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment. The reductions of bacterial load in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment, and in the positive control group, were significant (p < 0.01) when compared to that of the negative control group. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive modality may improve the disinfection capacity of conventional endodontic treatment against E. faecalis

Charismatic Leadership and Special Education Teachers’ Empowerment

In general, leadership is strongly correlated with the empowerment of the followers’ personal vision as well as with the effectiveness of their work. On the top of that, the admiration derived of a group of people towards a leader, is a determine factor to characterize the leader as “charismatic – emotionally intelligent”. Consequently, final target along with the adopted strategies are the key points for successful leadership. This is how a high-leveled Job Satisfaction environment for the employees, can be secured, protecting them against Job Burnout syndrome. In Special Education, the consequences of Job Burnout seem to be profoundly serious concerning not only the teacher him/herself but also his/her work efficiency. It has been found that teachers, who face the Job Burnout are usually physically and mentally tired, depressed, and continually anxious, keeping themselves isolated and not easily accessible. This research aims to investigate the correlation between the school leader’s emotionally intelligence and the existence of supportive working environment, where the teacher is motivated, inspired and protected by the danger of Job Burnout

Evaluation of Mobile Apps Effectiveness in Children with Autism Social Training via Digital Social Stories

The emerging and widespread use of technology to support students with autism is evident by the growing number of studies investigating the use of technology-based interventions, including mobile technologies. Most of the recent research concerning the use of mobile apps has been focused on social stories effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of digital social stories on children with autism social skills acquisition. Three students with high functional autism were watching for one year social scenarios through an Android tablet solving social interaction problems. According to the results appropriate social behaviors in children with autism could be integrated for a long time

Emotional Difficulties and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children Refugees & the Role of ICTs: A Case Study in Northern Greece Borders

The aim of this study was to investigate the emotional difficulties and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms within children refugees in northern Greece borders. The present research focuses on the traumatic and emotional difficulties experienced by children refugees, who have been separated from their families during their journey to Europe. This study adopted a research approach with a sample of five children from Syria, of both sexes, aged 11 to 16 years. Each participant was given an Android-based mobile phone with the online forms of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Achenbach Adolescent Self-Report Questionnaire (YSR 11-18). The completion results showed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder and intensive emotional problems in the sample of refugees children. In particular, the findings showed a correlation between the level of emotional problems and post-traumatic stress disorder and the type of trauma related to the family traumatic experience

Evaluation of Mobile Apps Effectiveness in Children with Autism Social Training via Digital Social Stories

The emerging and widespread use of technology to support students with autism is evident by the growing number of studies investigating the use of technology-based interventions, including mobile technologies. Most of the recent research concerning the use of mobile apps has been focused on social stories effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of digital social stories on children with autism social skills acquisition. Three students with high functional autism were watching for one year social scenarios through an Android tablet solving social interaction problems. According to the results appropriate social behaviors in children with autism could be integrated for a long time.</p