Differential stem cells markers in undifferentiated and differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells.

<p>Levels of CD13, CD49e, CD166, CD133 and VEGFR2 in undifferentiated cells (UC), CM1 and CM2-treated cells after 21 days of culture. (Conditioned medium: CM). Values are expressed as mean of percentage ± standard deviation. (a p<0.001 and b p<0.01 vs. CM1-treated cells; +++ p<0,001 and + p<0,05 vs. undifferentiated cells).</p

Primers used for quantitative RT-PCR analyses.

<p>Primers used for quantitative RT-PCR analyses.</p

The treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with CM2 induces nuclear translocation ofβ-catenin and Wnt signaling activation.

<p>A) To determine β-catenin subcellular localization, human mesenchymal stem cells undifferentiated (UC) and treated with conditioned medium 1 (CM1) or 2 (CM2) after 21 days of culture were stained for β-catenin immunofluorescence (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Merged image of β-catenin-FITC and DAPI staining is also shown. Original magnification: 40×. B) mRNA expression of Lrp5/6, Frizzled- 3 (FZD3) and c-myc was evaluated in undifferentiated cells and cells treated with conditioned medium 1 (CM1) or 2 (CM2). Fold of undifferentiated cells at 21 days of culture. ^a p<0.001 vs. CM1-treated cells. C) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034656#pone-0034656-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a> c shows western blot of p53 and α-tubulin as loading control. Image is representative of three independent experiments.</p

Comparative analysis by DIGE of proteins differentially expressed in hepatocytes obtained with CM1 or CM2 differentiation protocols.

<p>Cyt: Cytoplasm; Nuc: Nucleus; Secr: Secreted protein; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; Mit: Mitochondria; Lys: Lysosome.</p

Stem cells/cancer stem cells markers expression in undifferentiated cells at time 0 days.

<p>Data are included as mean ± standard deviation.</p

The activation of Wnt/β-catenin during hepatocyte differentiation is associated with the presence of related proteins to tumoral phenotype.

<p>Relative abundance of specific proteins (DIGE analysis) in human mesenchymal stem cells undifferentiated after 21 days of culture (UC21d) and in mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into hepatocytes with conditioned medium 1 (CM1) or 2 (CM2). B) Western blot confirmation of the changes observed by DIGE analysis in the abundance of some proteins in CM1 and CM2 hepatocytes: Adenine phosphoriobosyl transferase (APT), cathepsin B precursor (CATB), L-lactate dehydrogenase β chain (LDHB), transgelin (TGL2), tropomyosin β chain (TPM2) and nuclear β-catenin. Tubulin and TFIIB were used as cytoplasm and nuclear loading control respectively.</p

Procaine impairs osteogenic maturation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).

<p>mRNA expression of mature markers of oste/odontoblast such as A) DMP1 and B) RANKL were measured by RT-PCR after 21 days in culture. The expression in mesenchymal stem cell differentiated into osteo/odontoblasts (OB) was significantly higher than in undifferentiated cells (UC). This expression was reduced by the addition of Procaine (OB+Proc) during the differentiation process. Ribosomal 18S expression was used as housekeeping (* p<0.05 vs all groups).</p

Mechanism of action of procaine.

<p>Changes in mRNA expression of GSK3β from undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (UC), MSC differentiated into osteo/odontoblast (OB), MSC differentiated into osteo/odontoblast plus procaine (1μM) (OB+Proc), MSC differentiated into osteo/odontoblast plus lithium chloride (10 mM) (OB+LiCl) and the combination of osteo/odontogenic stimuli, Procaine (1μM) and Lithium Chloride (10 mM) were analyzed A). Effect of increasing concentrations of Procaine (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 μM) on GSK3βexpression B) and phospho-β-catenin C) for 7 days on MSC. * p<0.05 vs UC; # p<0.05 vs OB; + p<0.01 vs OB+LiCl; ••p<0.01 vs. 0.5 μM Proc.</p

The treatments with CM1 or CM2 increase the expression of hepatospecific genes in human mesenchymal stem cells.

<p>Relative levels of mRNA expression of A) albumin (ALB), B) α-fetoprotein (αFP), C) α1-antitrypsin (α-1-AT), D) CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP) and E) cytochrome P450 (CYP3A5) were determined in human undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells before and after differentiation with conditioned medium 1 (CM1) or 2 (CM2) after 7, 14 and 21 days of culture; Gene expression is shown as fold-changes compared to undifferentiated cells at each time. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. All genes were increased significantly respect to undifferentiated cells (UC). ^a p<0.001, ^b p<0.01 vs. CM1 or CM2.</p

Procaine prevents osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).

<p>Changes in the mRNA expression of A) early markers of oste/odontogenesis and B) specific genes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were determined by RT-PCR after osteo/odontogenic differentiation (OB), OB with procaine (1 μM) (OB+Proc) during 21 days. The size and intensity of amplicon was electrophoresed on agarose gel (2%). Ribosomal 18S expression was used as housekeeping. C) Runx2 transcription factor activity was determined by a commercial TransAM^™ assay. Only OB cells showed to be significantly positive for this transcription factor (*p<0.05 vs all groups). D) Western blot for cytoplasmatic protein smooth muscle-22 alpha after 21 days of osteo/odontogenic differentiation. Images are representative of three cultures.</p