Introduction to A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute-Care Hospitals: 2022 Updates

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Which comorbid conditions should we be analyzing as risk factors for healthcare-associated infections?

OBJECTIVETo determine which comorbid conditions are considered causally related to central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and surgical-site infection (SSI) based on expert consensus.DESIGNUsing the Delphi method, we administered an iterative, 2-round survey to 9 infectious disease and infection control experts from the United States.METHODSBased on our selection of components from the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices, 35 different comorbid conditions were rated from 1 (not at all related) to 5 (strongly related) by each expert separately for CLABSI and SSI, based on perceived relatedness to the outcome. To assign expert consensus on causal relatedness for each comorbid condition, all 3 of the following criteria had to be met at the end of the second round: (1) a majority (&gt;50%) of experts rating the condition at 3 (somewhat related) or higher, (2) interquartile range (IQR)≤1, and (3) standard deviation (SD)≤1.RESULTSFrom round 1 to round 2, the IQR and SD, respectively, decreased for ratings of 21 of 35 (60%) and 33 of 35 (94%) comorbid conditions for CLABSI, and for 17 of 35 (49%) and 32 of 35 (91%) comorbid conditions for SSI, suggesting improvement in consensus among this group of experts. At the end of round 2, 13 of 35 (37%) and 17 of 35 (49%) comorbid conditions were perceived as causally related to CLABSI and SSI, respectively.CONCLUSIONSOur results have produced a list of comorbid conditions that should be analyzed as risk factors for and further explored for risk adjustment of CLABSI and SSI.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:449–454</jats:sec

Using automated pharmacy records to assess the management of tuberculosis.

We used automated pharmacy dispensing data to characterize tuberculosis (TB) management for 45 health maintenance organization (HMO) members. Pharmacy records distinguished patients treated in HMOs from those treated elsewhere. For cases treated in HMOs, they provided useful information about appropriateness of prescribed regimens and adherence to therapy

Pharmacy Data for Tuberculosis Surveillance and Assessment of Patient Management

Pharmacy data help locate tuberculosis cases and assess their management

Developing a risk stratification model for surgical site infection after abdominal hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) ranges widely from 2-21% after hysterectomy. There is insufficient understanding of risk factors to build a specific risk stratification index. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study of 545 abdominal and 275 vaginal hysterectomies from 7/1/03 - 6/30/05 at four institutions. SSIs were defined using CDC/NNIS criteria. Independent risk factors for abdominal hysterectomy were identified by logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 13 deep incisional, 53 superficial incisional, and 18 organ-space SSI after abdominal and 14 organ-space SSI after vaginal hysterectomy. Because risk factors for organ-space SSI were different in univariate analysis, further analyses focused on incisional SSI after abdominal hysterectomy. The maximum serum glucose within 5 days after operation was highest in patients with deep incisional SSI, lower in patients with superficial incisional SSI and lowest in uninfected patients (median 189, 156, and 141mg/dL, p = .005). Independent risk factors for incisional SSI included blood transfusion (odds ratio (OR) 2.4) and morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 35, OR 5.7). Duration of operation > 75th percentile (OR 1.7), obesity (BMI 30-35, OR 3.0), and lack of private health insurance (OR 1.7) were marginally associated with increased odds of SSI. CONCLUSIONS: Incisional SSI after abdominal hysterectomy was associated with increased BMI and blood transfusion. Longer operative time and lack of private health insurance were marginally associated with SSI. A specific risk stratification index could help to more accurately predict the risk of incisional SSI following abdominal hysterectomy

Beyond 30 days: Does limiting the duration of surgical site infection follow-up limit detection?

Concern over consistency and completeness of surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance has increased due to public reporting of hospital SSI rates and imminent non-payment rules for hospitals that do not meet national benchmarks. Already, hospitals no longer receive additional payment from the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services (CMS) for certain infections following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, orthopedic procedures, and bariatric surgery. One major concern is incomplete and differential post-discharge surveillance. At present, substantial variation exists in how and whether hospitals identify SSI events after the hospitalization in which the surgery occurred. Parameters used for SSI surveillance such as the duration of the window of time that surveillance takes place following the surgical procedure can impact the completeness of surveillance data. Determination of the optimal surveillance time period involves balancing the potential increased case ascertainment associated with a longer follow-up period with the increased resources that would be required. Currently, the time window for identifying potentially preventable SSIs related to events at the time of surgery is not fully standardized. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Surveillance Network (NHSN) requires a 365-day postoperative surveillance period for procedures involving implants and a 30-day period for non-implant procedures. In contrast, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) systems employ 30-day post-operative surveillance regardless of implant. As consensus builds towards national quality measures for hospital-specific SSI rates, it will be important to assess the frequency of events beyond the 30-day post-surgical window that may quantify the value of various durations of surveillance, and ultimately inform the choice of specific outcome measures

Enhanced surgical site infection surveillance following hysterectomy, vascular, and colorectal surgery

Objective.To evaluate the use of inpatient pharmacy and administrative data to detect surgical site infections (SSIs) following hysterectomy and colorectal and vascular surgery.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Five hospitals affiliated with academic medical centers.Patients.Adults who underwent abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy, colorectal surgery, or vascular surgery procedures between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2005.Methods.We reviewed the medical records of weighted, random samples drawn from 3,079 abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy, 4,748 colorectal surgery, and 3,332 vascular surgery procedures. We compared routine surveillance with screening of inpatient pharmacy data and diagnosis codes and then performed medical record review to confirm SSI status.Results.Medical records from 823 hysterectomy, 736 colorectal surgery, and 680 vascular surgery procedures were reviewed. SSI rates determined by antimicrobial- and/or diagnosis code-based screening followed by medical record review (enhanced surveillance) were substantially higher than rates determined by routine surveillance (4.3% [95% confidence interval, 3.6%—5.1%] vs 2.7% for hysterectomies, 7.1% [95% confidence interval, 6.7%–8.2%] vs 2.0% for colorectal procedures, and 2.3% [95% confidence interval, 1.9%–2.9%] vs 1.4% for vascular procedures). Enhanced surveillance had substantially higher sensitivity than did routine surveillance to detect SSI (92% vs 59% for hysterectomies, 88% vs 22% for colorectal procedures, and 72% vs 43% for vascular procedures). A review of medical records confirmed SSI for 31% of hysterectomies, 20% of colorectal procedures, and 31% of vascular procedures that met the enhanced screening criteria.Conclusion.Antimicrobial- and diagnosis code-based screening may be a useful method for enhancing and streamlining SSI surveillance for a variety of surgical procedures, including those procedures targeted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.</jats:sec