Social Capital, Rehabilitation, Tradition: Support for Restorative Justice in Japan and Australia

This paper investigates the attitudes and beliefs that the public hold about criminal behaviour in Japanese and Australian society, with a view to uncovering sources of resistance to, and support for, restorative justice. The study draws on a survey of 1,544 respondents from Japan and 1,967 respondents from Australia. In both societies, restorative justice met with greater acceptance among those who were (1) strong in social capital, (2) believed in offender reintegration and rehabilitation, (3) saw benefits for victims in forgiveness, and (4) were advocates for victims' voices being heard and amends made. The alternative 'just deserts' and deterrence models for dealing with crime were grounded in attitudes of punitiveness and fear of moral decay, and reservations about the value of reintegrating and rehabilitating offenders. Like restorative justice supporters, 'just deserts' and deterrence supporters expressed concern that victims' voices be heard and amends made. Winning public support for competing institutional arrangements may depend on who does best in meeting expectations for meeting the needs of victims

CD153/CD30 signaling promotes age-dependent tertiary lymphoid tissue expansion and kidney injury

高齢者腎臓病を悪化させる原因細胞・分子の同定に成功. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-11-30.A new drug target for kidney disease. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-11-30.Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) facilitate local T- and B-cell interactions in chronically inflamed organs. However, the cells and molecular pathways that govern TLT formation are poorly defined. Here we identify TNF superfamily CD153-CD30 signaling between two unique age-dependent lymphocyte subpopulations, CD153⁺PD-1⁺CD4⁺ senescence-associated T (SAT) cells and CD30+T-bet+ age-associated B cells (ABCs), as a driver for TLT expansion. SAT cells, which produced ABC-inducing factors IL21 and IFNγ, and ABCs progressively accumulated within TLTs in aged kidneys after injury. Notably, in kidney injury models, CD153 or CD30 deficiency impaired functional SAT cell induction, which resulted in reduced ABC numbers and attenuated TLT formation with improved inflammation, fibrosis and renal function. Attenuated TLT formation after transplantation of CD153-deficient bone marrow further supported the importance of CD153 in immune cells. Clonal analysis revealed that SAT cells and ABCs in the kidneys arose from both local differentiation and recruitment from the spleen. In the synovium of aged rheumatoid arthritis patients, T peripheral helper/T follicular helper cells and ABCs also expressed CD153 and CD30, respectively. Together, our data reveal a previously unappreciated function of CD153-CD30 signaling in TLT formation and propose targeting CD153-CD30 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for slowing kidney disease progression

〈共同研究プロジェクト紹介〉 基幹型：多文化共生社会における日本語教育研究 多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス

国立国語研究所日本語教育研究・情報センター国立国語研究所日本語教育研究・情報センター プロジェクト非常勤研究員国立国語研究所日本語教育研究・情報センター プロジェクト非常勤研究員国立国語研究所日本語教育研究・情報センター プロジェクト非常勤研究員(元)国立国語研究所日本語教育研究・情報センター プロジェクト非常勤研究員本稿は，共同研究プロジェクト「多文化共生社会における日本語教育研究」が進めている多言語母語の日本語学習者の横断コーパス（通称I-JAS）について概説した。前半では，I-JAS構築の経緯と概要，調査の内容と特徴をまとめ，後半では，I-JASを利用する際に重要となる書き起こしのルールやタグ付けの方針などについて述べた。12の異なる言語を母語とする約1000人の日本語学習者のコーパスは，日本語の第二言語習得研究や対照言語学，社会言語学的な言語研究のみならず，日本語教育の現場でも利用が期待される。This paper provides a description of I-JAS (International Corpus of Japanese As a Second Language), which contains cross-sectional research data from Japanese language learners with different mother tongues. This corpus is a part of a collaborative research project entitled \u27Study on Teaching and Learning Japanese as a Second Language in a Multicultural Society.\u27The first half reports on the development of I-JAS and its salient features. The latter half describes the transcription rules and the basic principles of tagging, both of which are important for searching and extracting data from the corpus.I-JAS includes data from approximately 1000 learners with 12 different native languages, and it will be a rich resource, not only for linguistic research in areas such as second language acquisition, contrastive analysis and sociolinguistics, but also for teaching Japanese as a second language