35 research outputs found
Dynamical friction on satellite galaxies
For a rigid model satellite, Chandrasekhar's dynamical friction formula
describes the orbital evolution quite accurately, when the Coulomb logarithm is
chosen appropriately. However, it is not known if the orbital evolution of a
real satellite with the internal degree of freedom can be described by the
dynamical friction formula. We performed N-body simulation of the orbital
evolution of a self-consistent satellite galaxy within a self-consistent parent
galaxy. We found that the orbital decay of the simulated satellite is
significantly faster than the estimate from the dynamical friction formula. The
main cause of this discrepancy is that the stars stripped out of the satellite
are still close to the satellite, and increase the drag force on the satellite
through two mechanisms. One is the direct drag force from particles in the
trailing tidal arm, a non-axisymmetric force that slows the satellite down. The
other is the indirect effect that is caused by the particles remaining close to
the satellite after escape. The force from them enhances the wake caused in the
parent galaxy by dynamical friction, and this larger wake in turn slows the
satellite down more than expected from the contribution of its bound mass. We
found these two have comparable effects, and the combined effect can be as
large as 20% of the total drag force on the satellite.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, submitted to PASJ; v2: 14 pages, 13 figures,
accepted by PAS
Particle-Particle Particle-Tree: A Direct-Tree Hybrid Scheme for Collisional N-Body Simulations
In this paper, we present a new hybrid algorithm for the time integration of
collisional N-body systems. In this algorithm, gravitational force between two
particles is divided into short-range and long-range terms, using a
distance-dependent cutoff function. The long-range interaction is calculated
using the tree algorithm and integrated with the constant-timestep leapfrog
integrator. The short-range term is calculated directly and integrated with the
high-order Hermite scheme. We can reduce the calculation cost per orbital
period from O(N^2) to O(N log N), without significantly increasing the
long-term integration error. The results of our test simulations show that
close encounters are integrated accurately. Long-term errors of the total
energy shows random-walk behaviour, because it is dominated by the error caused
by tree approximation.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figure
Missing Dwarf Problem in Galaxy Clusters
We investigated the formation and evolution of CDM subhalos in galaxy-sized
and cluster-sized halos by means of N-body simulations. Our aim is to make
clear what the ``dwarf galaxy problem'' is. It has been argued that the number
of subhalos in simulated galaxy-sized halos is too large compared to the
observed number of dwarfs in the local group, while that in cluster-sized halos
is consistent with observed number of galaxies in clusters such as the Virgo
cluster. We simulated nine halos with several different mass resolutions and
physical scales. We found that the dependence of the cumulative number of
subhalos N_c on their maximum circular velocity V_c is given by N_c \propto
V_c^-3, down to the reliability limit, independent of the mass of the main
halo. This implies that simulations for cluster-sized halos give too many halos
with V_c ~ 140km/s or less. Previous comparisons of cluster-sized halos gave
much smaller number of subhalos in this regime simply because of their limited
resolution. Our result implies that any theory which attempts to resolve the
missing dwarf problem should also explain the discrepancy of the simulation and
observation in cluster-sized halos.Comment: 10 pages, 20 figures, submitted to PAS
Evolution of Massive Black Hole Binaries
We present the result of large-scale N-body simulations of the
stellar-dynamical evolution of a massive black-hole binary at the center of a
spherical galaxy. We focus on the dependence of the hardening rate on the
relaxation timescale of the parent galaxy. A simple theoretical argument
predicts that a binary black hole creates the ``loss cone'' around it. Once the
loss cone is formed, the hardening rate is determined by the rate at which
field stars diffuse into the loss cone. Therefore the hardening timescale
becomes proportional to the relaxation timescale. Recent N-body simulations,
however, have failed to confirm this theory and various explanations have been
proposed. By performing simulations with sufficiently large N (up to )
for sufficiently long time, we found that the hardening rate does depend on N.
Our result is consistent with the simple theoretical prediction that the
hardening timescale is proportional to the relaxation timescale. This
dependence implies that most massive black hole binaries are unlikely to merge
within the Hubble time through interaction with field stars and gravitational
wave radiation alone.Comment: Reviced version accepted for publication in ApJ. Scheduled to appear
in the February 10, 2004 issu
Evolution of Massive Blackhole Triples I -- Equal-mass binary-single systems
We present the result of -body simulations of dynamical evolution of
triple massive blackhole (BH) systems in galactic nuclei. We found that in most
cases two of the three BHs merge through gravitational wave (GW) radiation in
the timescale much shorter than the Hubble time, before ejecting one BH through
a slingshot. In order for a binary BH to merge before ejecting out the third
one, it has to become highly eccentric since the gravitational wave timescale
would be much longer than the Hubble time unless the eccentricity is very high.
We found that two mechanisms drive the increase of the eccentricity of the
binary. One is the strong binary-single BH interaction resulting in the
thermalization of the eccentricity. The second is the Kozai mechanism which
drives the cyclic change of the inclination and eccentricity of the inner
binary of a stable hierarchical triple system. Our result implies that many of
supermassive blackholes are binaries.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figure
Reconstruction of Insulin Signal Flow from Phosphoproteome and Metabolome Data
SummaryCellular homeostasis is regulated by signals through multiple molecular networks that include protein phosphorylation and metabolites. However, where and when the signal flows through a network and regulates homeostasis has not been explored. We have developed a reconstruction method for the signal flow based on time-course phosphoproteome and metabolome data, using multiple databases, and have applied it to acute action of insulin, an important hormone for metabolic homeostasis. An insulin signal flows through a network, through signaling pathways that involve 13 protein kinases, 26 phosphorylated metabolic enzymes, and 35 allosteric effectors, resulting in quantitative changes in 44 metabolites. Analysis of the network reveals that insulin induces phosphorylation and activation of liver-type phosphofructokinase 1, thereby controlling a key reaction in glycolysis. We thus provide a versatile method of reconstruction of signal flow through the network using phosphoproteome and metabolome data
Reconstruction of Insulin Signal Flow from Phosphoproteome and Metabolome Data
Cellular homeostasis is regulated by signals through multiple molecular networks that include protein phosphorylation and metabolites. However, where and when the signal flows through a network and regulates homeostasis has not been explored. We have developed a reconstruction method for the signal flow based on time-course phosphoproteome and metabolome data, using multiple databases, and have applied it to acute action of insulin, an important hormone for metabolic homeostasis. An insulin signal flows through a network, through signaling pathways that involve 13 protein kinases, 26 phosphorylated metabolic enzymes, and 35 allosteric effectors, resulting in quantitative changes in 44 metabolites. Analysis of the network reveals that insulin induces phosphorylation and activation of liver-type phosphofructokinase 1, thereby controlling a key reaction in glycolysis. We thus provide a versatile method of reconstruction of signal flow through the network using phosphoproteome and metabolome data.UTokyo Research掲載「細胞内のビッグデータから大規模ネットワークの再構築に成功」URI: http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/utokyo-research/research-news/reconstruction-of-molecular-network-from-cellular-big-data/UTokyo Research "Reconstruction of molecular network from cellular big data" URI: http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/utokyo-research/research-news/reconstruction-of-molecular-network-from-cellular-big-data