The Limits to Common Resource Management: The Bypassed Commons or Commons without Tragedy

Land, labor, indigenous knowledge and institutional resources of producers in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia are investigated. Frequency distribution and comparative statistical analysis of the two regions with respect to these and other parameters suggest that in a situation where all producers are subjected to a common source of risk (e.g. rainfall): i) the institutional resources become less effective, and ii) combination of land, labor, knowledge and other complementary resources form the basis for adjustment mechanisms, sequential or strategic decisions, and that these decisions are directed towards maintaining the nuclear family. On the other hand, when essential resources such as land are government owned and household decisions are shared by the state, local institutions or social networks become an effective means to maintain reproduction of the farm and the producer through providing access to or sharing of resources.Land; labor; indigenous knowledge; institutional resources; producers; Ethiopia; risk ; adjustment mechanisms; sequential or strategic decisions

Energy, Development and Environment Nexus: A Review

Since the beginning of the economic era, human beings have exploited and used different sorts of energy which renovated living conditions for billions of people enabling them to relish a level of comfort and flexibility unprecedented in human history which enabled to perform productive tasks. For most of the past century constant growth in energy consumption has been closely knotted to intensifying levels of wealth and commercial prospect. Demand for energy is growing rapidly in developing countries due to rapid population growth and rapid economic expansion. This is forecasted to lead to a near doubling in primary energy use, much of it is unsustainable, in the coming couple of decades. Due to this high demand, 50% of primary energy is utilized in developing countries and will be responsible for 52% fossil fuel related Carbon dioxide emission by 2030. Energy services are provided with least cost and are environmentally friendly when derived from clean and renewable energy resources. On the contrary, unit cost of energy services provided from non-network sources are costly and polluting to the environment. The link between energy and climate change is that climate change engrosses the energy sector predominantly closely because energy is central both to the problem and its resolution. Keywords:Energy, development, environment, climate change, millennium development goals, Human Development Index, energy poverty, energy and poverty. DOI: 10.7176/JETP/11-3-01 Publication date:June 30th 2021

Analysis of the Physico-chemical Characteristics of Brewers Spent Grain (BSG)

Brewer’s spent grains are byproducts produced in large quantities from the brewing industry. Characterizing agro-industrial wastes is an important step to add value and increase its viability for various applications. In this experiment, the physico-chemical characteristics of Brewers Spent Grain (Total solids, volatile solids, organic carbon, total nitrogen) were analyzed. (APHA, 1999) standard was used to analyze the characteristics. The results revealed that, BSG has a total and volatile solid content of 94.95 and 90.04 %, respectively. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of brewer’s spent grain was 13.91. After pre-treatment the moisture content and ash content were found to be 5.05% and 10.96% respectively. It was shown that BSG exhibits higher variations according to barley variety, planting time and mashing process in the factories. Keyword: BSG, total solid, volatile solid, Carbon to nitrogen ratio DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-18-02 Publication date:September 30th 202

The Limits to Common Resource Management: The Bypassed Commons or Commons without Tragedy

Land, labor, indigenous knowledge and institutional resources of producers in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia are investigated. Frequency distribution and comparative statistical analysis of the two regions with respect to these and other parameters suggest that in a situation where all producers are subjected to a common source of risk (e.g. rainfall): i) the institutional resources become less effective, and ii) combination of land, labor, knowledge and other complementary resources form the basis for adjustment mechanisms, sequential or strategic decisions, and that these decisions are directed towards maintaining the nuclear family. On the other hand, when essential resources such as land are government owned and household decisions are shared by the state, local institutions or social networks become an effective means to maintain reproduction of the farm and the producer through providing access to or sharing of resources

The Limits to Common Resource Management: The Bypassed Commons or Commons without Tragedy

Land, labor, indigenous knowledge and institutional resources of producers in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia are investigated. Frequency distribution and comparative statistical analysis of the two regions with respect to these and other parameters suggest that in a situation where all producers are subjected to a common source of risk (e.g. rainfall): i) the institutional resources become less effective, and ii) combination of land, labor, knowledge and other complementary resources form the basis for adjustment mechanisms, sequential or strategic decisions, and that these decisions are directed towards maintaining the nuclear family. On the other hand, when essential resources such as land are government owned and household decisions are shared by the state, local institutions or social networks become an effective means to maintain reproduction of the farm and the producer through providing access to or sharing of resources

Causality and Efficiency in the Coffee Futures Market

Tests for causality and rationality in the coffee futures market were carried out using data from the New York Market. Tests of causality indicated that futures prices strongly influence variations in spot price eight weeks or more to maturity. However, beginning seven weeks to maturity there seems to be a strong causal relationship going from futures to spot and from spot to futures. Risk constancy or neutrality, equality of risk premium and spot price, and efficiency were rejected for the period 18, 51, and 33 weeks or more to maturity. However, simultaneity of risk neutrality and efficiency was accepted for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. The general conclusion from this study is that coffee futures market can be used as an indicator of spot market prices for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. While benefits can be obtained through short term adjustment of available stock and making use of quality storage facilities, planning longer term planting and marketing decisions (e.g., ≥ 77 weeks) on the basis of futures market price can result in misallocation of resources and welfare loss

Causality and Efficiency in the Coffee Futures Market

Tests for causality and rationality in the coffee futures market were carried out using data from the New York Market. Tests of causality indicated that futures prices strongly influence variations in spot price eight weeks or more to maturity. However, beginning seven weeks to maturity there seems to be a strong causal relationship going from futures to spot and from spot to futures. Risk constancy or neutrality, equality of risk premium and spot price, and efficiency were rejected for the period 18, 51, and 33 weeks or more to maturity. However, simultaneity of risk neutrality and efficiency was accepted for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. The general conclusion from this study is that coffee futures market can be used as an indicator of spot market prices for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. While benefits can be obtained through short term adjustment of available stock and making use of quality storage facilities, planning longer term planting and marketing decisions (e.g., ≥ 77 weeks) on the basis of futures market price can result in misallocation of resources and welfare loss.Causality; Granger-causality; coffee; futures market; spot market; risk premium; efficiency; resource allocation; welfare

Study on the assessment of drug resistance on Trypanosoma vivax in Tselemti woreda , Tigray, Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Tselemti Woreda, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, some 1200 kms away from the capital, from November 2002 to April 2003. In the first phase of this study, questionnaire survey was carried out to assess livestock production constraints. Subsequently, a study on the occurrence of drug resistance to diminazene aceturate and isomethamidum chloride of Trypanosoma vivax isolate in artificially infected goats were conducted. Results of the questionnaire survey revealed that 95.7% of the interviewees replied that trypanosomosis is a series problem in their areas. Apart from this, under dosing of trypanocidal drugs appeared a common practice in the areas surveyed. Drug sensitivity test conducted on 18 artificially infected goats revealed that T. vivax developed resistance to the curative doses of diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg b.wt) and isomethamidum chloride (0.25 mg/kg b.wt). No relapses were seen for those animals treated with diminazen aceturate at a dose of 7 mg/kg b.wt and 0.5 mg/kg b.wt of isomethamidum chloride. Sanative pair between diminazene aceturate and isometamidum chloride was also confirmed by the occurrence of no relapses after first treatment with diminazene aceturate (at 3.5 mg/kg) and isomethamidum chloride (0.25 mg/kg) and a second treatment with 0.25 mg/kg isomethamidum chloride and 3.5 mg/kg diminazene aceturate, respectively. During the 90 days of trial period there was no statistical significant difference (P>0.05) in mean PCV of the five groups before and after treatment: (26+1.23), (27.5+1.33), (26.5+2.03), (29.8+2.12) and (25.5+ 3.06) for groups I, II, III, IV and V respectively. Generally diminazene aceturate at dose of 7 mg/kg and isomethamidum chloride at dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.wt were most effective in terms of curing infections as well as improving PCV and body weight. It was concluded that where there are indications for drug resistance against isomethamidum and diminazene aceturate the use of trypanocidal drugs should be supervised, the principle of sanative pairs has to be applied and chemotherapy needs to be integrated with other methods like vector (tsetse and biting flies) control. Keywords: Diminazene-aceturate, drug-resistance, goats, isomethamidumchloride, trypanosomosis, Tselemti

Prevalence and identification of ectoparasites on indigenous chickens in Seharti-Samre District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from February 2014 to February 2015 to estimate the prevalence of ectoparasites and to assess risk factors in indigenous free scavenging chickens in three sub-districts of Seharti-Samre District, northern Ethiopia. Physical examination, hand picking for visible parasites, skin scraping and laboratory based identification of collected parasites were employed on systematically selected 570 indigenous chickens. An overall prevalence of 68.6% (391/570) ectoparasites with a specific prevalence of 44% (251/570), 14.4% (82/570) and 10.2% (58/570) for Echidnophaga gallinacea, Argus persicus and mixed infestations, respectively were recorded. Prevalence of A. persicus, E. gallinacea and mixed infestation showed statistically significant variation between seasons (OR=2.21, 95%, CI=1.539-3.178), housing in kitchen (OR=3.33,95%, CI=2.0228-5.486) and main house (OR=3.19, 95%, CI=1.910-5.304); age group of birds. The odds of ectoparasites infestation were 3.42 and 7.57 times higher for chick and adults compared with the growers. The current study indicated high prevalence of ectoparasites in backyard poultry management system in the study area. E.gallinacea was found to be the most prevalent ectoparasites identified followed by A. persicus. Designing and implementation of appropriate ectoparasite control measures seems mandatory in order to mitigate economical losses due to ectoparasite infestation.Keywords: Backyard; Ectoparasites; Poultry; Prevalence; Sehart-samr

Patterns of MRI Findings in Patients with Chronic Headache: A Retrospective Study from a Private Diagnostic Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Headache is one of the most common complaints that lead the patient to seek medical advice however only a few patients with recurrent headaches have a secondary cause like intracranial mass. The appropriate utilization of neuroimaging is important to rule-out secondary cause of headache in resource-limited regions. The objective of this study is to describe the patterns of MRI findings in the evaluation of patients with chronic headache and to determine the clinical variables helpful in identifying patients with intracranial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted among 590 selected patients who underwent an MRI scan of the head from September 2016 to January 2018 at Wudassie Diagnostic center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Siemens Magnetom 0.35T MRI was used. RESULTS: Out of 590 patients, 372 (63.1%) were females and 218 (36.9%) were males; 300 (50.8%) patients with the mean age of 38.6 + 0.5 years and a median of 37 + 16.7years have normal brain MRI and 290(49.2%) have abnormal brain MRI reports. The abnormal findings further divided into non-significant findings were 166(28%) that did not alter patient management and clinically significant findings were 124 (21%) which included by decreasing order of frequency tumors, infection, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, and vascular abnormalities. CONCLUSION: It was 1.3 times higher rate of positive brain MR findings in patients who had headaches plus abnormal neurologic findings as compared to patients without neurologic abnormality (P-value = 0.01).  There is a high rate of significant abnormal MRI findings in this study as compared to studies from developed nations