Medical students’ attitudes towards, and knowledge of LGBT persons in Guyana

Evidence from industrialized countries show that discrimination and experienced and/or perceived negative encounters with healthcare workers affect frequency and type of healthcare sought by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. In Guyana, and the wider English-speaking Caribbean region, there is a dearth of research on how healthcare workers and students perceive and interact with LGBT patients. This study investigated the attitudes and knowledge with regards to LGBT health among students at a medical school in Guyana by using quantitative, self-administered online surveys. We analyzed data using SPSS for descriptive and analytic calculations, and results showed that students held moderately prejudiced attitudes toward LGBT persons. Religiosity and heterosexual orientation were the main factors found to be associated with negative attitudes. Knowledge levels were also moderate with pronounced deficiencies in certain areas, and almost all students had not received LGBT-specific medical education, but most indicated a desire for such education

Detectable Tax-specific CD8+ T cells in all samples used in this study.

a<p>human leucocyte antigen.</p>b<p>cytomegalovirus.</p>c<p>epstein-barr virus.</p

Expression patterns of 2B4 on virus-specific CD8+T lymphocytes.

<p>A), Representative dot plots showing gating strategy for 2B4 and percentage of 2B4 expression on virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, HTLV-1, CMV and EBV. B) Summary data of expression of 2B4 on HTLV-1 infected (ATLL, AC); CMV− and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells in ATLL, AC and HD. Horizontal line represents the mean. (p-value based on by Mann-Whitney test).</p

Increased CD107a degranulation of HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cells on ligand blockade in both ATLL and AC.

<p>In A), Representative dot plots show CD107a surface degranulation on HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cells in varying conditions. In B) Summary plot of CD107a surface degranulation in tax-stimulated samples in the presence and absence of CD48 antibody addition in ATLL (11 independent experiments in 7 patients) and AC (12 independent experiments in 8 subjects). Experiments were done in duplicates (p-value based on Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test).</p

Characterization of memory population of 2B4+CD8+ T cells by CCR7, CD45RA, CD62L and CD57 expression.

<p>2B4+CD8+ T cells tended towards effector and terminally differentiated memory phenotype relative to 2B4-CD8+ T cells. A, B) Summary of frequency of CD45RA and CCR7 coexpression on 2B4+CD8+ and 2B4-CD8+ T cells in HTLV-1 infected (6 ATL and 5 AC) and 5 healthy donors (HD). 2B4+CD8+ T cells expressing CD45RA and CCR7 showed a mature effector phenotype in the effector memory and terminally differentiated compartments compared to 2B4-CD8+ T lymphocytes. C) Summary of frequency of CD57 on CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in 2B4+ compared to 2B4− populations in both ATLL and AC D) Lower CD62L expression on 2B4+CD8+ compared to 2B4-CD8+ T cells. Data for CD57 and CD62L was obtained from 6 ATL and 5 AC. Phenotypic patterns are indicated by legends. Horizontal lines represent mean ± S.D; statistical comparisons, p- value based on Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test.</p

2B4 expression on total CD8+Tcells in HTLV-1 infection.

<p>Appropriate isotype controls were used to set quadrant gates, A) Dot plot of isotype and positive 2B4 staining in a representative sample. Numbers indicate frequency of 2B4 expression on total CD8+ T cells of an HTLV-1 infected subject B),Summary data showing 2B4+ expression on total CD8+ lymphocytes in 52 HTLV-1 infected subjects (21 ATL and 31 AC) and 12 uninfected healthy donors (HD). Each dot represents a single individual. Horizontal bars represent mean values (p-value based on Mann-Whitney test).</p

The Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Growth Inhibitors of Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL), from the Jamaican Plant Hyptis verticillata, and NMR Characterization of Hyptoside

molecule