Contribution to the understanding of the alpha-(1→2) branching mechanism of dextrans and gluco-oligosaccharides by GBD-CD2 enzyme : kinetic and structural studies

Issue de la troncature de la dextrane-saccharase DSR-E, l’alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase recombinante GBD-CD2 catalyse à partir de saccharose le branchement de molécules acceptrices tels que les dextranes, les isomalto-oligosaccharides ou les gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS ; [6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→]n-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→4)-D-Glcp, avec 1<n<9). L’objet de cette étude a porté sur la compréhension des relations structure-activité de GBD-CD2 afin d’investiguer les facteurs structuraux responsables de la synthèse des liaisons osidiques de type alpha-(1→2). La troncature rationnelle du domaine de liaison au glucane (GBD) de l’enzyme GBD-CD2 (192 kDa) a abouti à l’isolement de trois formes tronquées actives, de masses moléculaires égales à 180, 147 et 123 kDa. Après purification de GBD-CD2 et de delta N123-GBD-CD2 (123 kDa), des études cinétiques ont permis de mettre en évidence que les enzymes présentent la même régiospécificité. L’activité d’hydrolyse du saccharose peut être modélisée par le modèle de Michaelis – Menten (kcat respectifs de 109 et 76 s-1). En présence de dextrane accepteur, ces enzymes sont activées. L’activité d’alpha-(1→2) glucosylation suit un modèle Ping Pong Bi Bi (kcat respectifs de 970 et 947 s-1). En modulant le ratio molaire entre le donneur d’unités glucosyle et l’accepteur de ces unités ([saccharose]/[dextrane]), il est possible de synthétiser des dextranes dont le pourcentage de liaisons alpha-(1→2) est contrôlé et varie de 10% à 40%. La caractérisation des produits de la réaction menée en présence de saccharose et de GOS a permis d’isoler et de caractériser pour la première fois des GOS arborant des unités glucosyle branchées en alpha-(1→2) sur les unités glucosyle adjacentes de la chaîne principale. Enfin, la résolution de la structure de delta N123-GBD-CD2 à 3,2 Å révèle que cette enzyme adopte le repliement original « en U » similaire à celui décrit pour GTF180-delta N. La comparaison des gorges catalytiques des deux dextrane-saccharases cristallisées apporte des éléments pouvant expliquer la régiospécificité singulière de delta N123-GBD-CD2, et ouvre la voie à des travaux de mutagenèse visant à investiguer le rôle de résidus potentiellement clésGBD-CD2 is a recombinant alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase constructed by truncation of the DSR-E dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299. From sucrose, GBD-CD2 catalyses the alpha-(1→2) branching reaction onto acceptor molecules such as dextrans, isomalto-oligosaccharides or gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS; [6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→]n-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→4)-D-Glcp, 1<n<9). This work has been focused on structure activity relationship studies. Rational truncations of the glucan binding domain (GBD) led to the expression in E. coli of three active enzymes, showing molecular masses of 180, 147 and 123 kDa. After purification of the recombinant GBD-CD2 and delta N123-GBD-CD2, we showed that both enzymes display the same regiospecificity. Steady-state kinetics revealed that the activity of sucrose hydrolysis displays a Michaelis Menten type of kinetics (kcat 109 s-1 and 76 s-1, respectively). In the presence of dextran acceptor, these enzymes are activated. The alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase activity from sucrose onto dextrans was modelled by a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism (kcat 970 s-1 and 947 s-1, respectively). When varying the molar ratio between the glucosyl donor and the acceptor ([sucrose]/[dextran]), the percentage of alpha-(1→2) linkages in dextrans can be controlled from 10% to 40%. Additionally, from reactions in the presence of GOS and sucrose, we isolated and characterized new alpha-(1→2) branched GOS with contiguous alpha-(1→2) branchings along linear GOS chains. Finally, the X-ray structure of delta N123-GBD-CD2 at 3.2 Å resolution revealed that this enzyme has a very original “U folding” similar to that described for GTF180-delta N. Study of the residues lining the catalytic gorges of the two crystallized enzymes revealed the structural determinants possibly involved in the singular regiospecificity of delta N123-GBD-CD2. Our work opens the way to mutagenesis work for discovering key structural determinants of delta N123-GBD-CD

Structural Insights into the Carbohydrate Binding Ability of an α-(1→2) Branching Sucrase from Glycoside Hydrolase Family 70

International audienceThe alpha-(1 -> 2) branching sucrase Delta N-123-GBD-CD2 is a transglucosylase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70) that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucosyl units from sucrose to dextrans or gluco-oligosaccharides via the formation of alpha-(1 -> 2) glucosidic linkages. The first structures of Delta N-123-GBD-CD2 in complex with D-glucose, isomaltosyl, or isomaltotriosyl residues were solved. The glucose complex revealed three glucose-binding sites in the catalytic gorge and six additional binding sites at the surface of domains B, IV, and V. Soaking with isomaltotriose or gluco-oligosaccharides led to structures in which isomaltosyl or isomaltotriosyl residues were found in glucan binding pockets located in domain V. One aromatic residue is systematically identified at the bottom of these pockets in stacking interaction with one glucosyl moiety. The carbohydrate is also maintained by a network of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. The sequence of these binding pockets is conserved and repeatedly present in domain V of several GH70 glucansucrases known to bind alpha-glucans. These findings provide the first structural evidence of the molecular interaction occurring between isomalto-oligosaccharides and domain V of the GH70 enzymes

Engineering a branching sucrase for flavonoid glucoside diversification

Enzymatic glycosylation of flavonoids is an efficient mean to protect aglycons against degradation while enhancing their solubility, life time and, by extension, their bioavailability which is critical for most of their applications in health care. To generate a valuable enzymatic platform for flavonoid glucosylation, an alpha-1,2 branching sucrase belonging to the family 70 of glycoside-hydrolases was selected as template and subsequently engineered. Two libraries of variants targeting pair-wise mutations inferred by molecular docking simulations were generated and screened for quercetin glucosylation using sucrose as a glucosyl donor. Only a limited number of variants (22) were retained on the basis of quercetin conversion and product profile. Their acceptor promiscuity towards five other flavonoids was subsequently assessed, and the automated screening effort revealed variants showing remarkable ability for luteolin, morin and naringenin glucosylation with conversion ranging from 30% to 90%. Notably, naringenin and morin, a priori considered as recalcitrant compounds to glucosylation using this alpha-transglucosylases, could also be modified. The approach reveals the potential of small platforms of engineered GH70 alpha-transglucosylases and opens up the diversity of flavonoid glucosides to molecular structures inaccessible yet

Branching pattern of gluco-oligosaccharides and 1.5 kDa dextran grafted by the alpha-1,2 branching sucrase GBD-CD2

GBD-CD2, an engineered sucrose-acting enzyme of glycoside hydrolase family 70, transfers D-glucopyranosyl (D-Glcp) units from sucrose onto dextrans or gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS) through the formation of alpha-(1 -> 2) linkages leading to branched products of interest for health, food and cosmetic applications. Structural characterization of the branched products obtained from sucrose and pure GOS of degree of polymerization (DP) 4 or DP 5 revealed that highly alpha-(1 -> 2) branched and new molecular structures can be synthesized by GBD-CD2. The formation of alpha-(1 -> 2) branching is kinetically controlled and can occur onto vicinal alpha-(1 -> 6)-linked D-Glcp residues. To investigate the mode of branching of 1.5 kDa dextran, simulations of various branching scenarios and resistance to glucoamylase degradation were performed. Analysis of the simulation results suggests that the branching process is stochastic and indicates that the enzyme acceptor site can accommodate both linear and poly-branched acceptors. This opens the way to the design of novel enzyme-based processes yielding carbohydrate structures varying in size and resistance to hydrolytic enzymes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Characterization of the First α-(1→3) Branching Sucrases of the GH70 Family

Leuconostoc citreum NRRL B-742 has been known for years to produce a highly alpha-(1 -> 3)-branched dextran for which the synthesis had never been elucidated. In this work a gene coding for a putative alpha-transglucosylase of the GH70 family was identified in the reported genome of this bacteria and functionally characterized. From sucrose alone, the corresponding recombinant protein, named BRS-B, mainly catalyzed sucrose hydrolysis and leucrose synthesis. However, in the presence of sucrose and a dextran acceptor, the enzyme efficiently transferred the glucosyl residue from sucrose to linear alpha-(1 -> 6) dextrans through the specific formation of alpha-(1 -> 3) linkages. To date, BRS-B is the first reported alpha-(1 -> 3) branching sucrase. Using a suitable sucrose/dextran ratio, a comb-like dextran with 50% of alpha-(1 -> 3) branching was synthesized, suggesting that BRS-B is likely involved in the comb-like dextran produced by L. citreum NRRL B-742. In addition, data mining based on the search for specific sequence motifs allowed the identification of two genes putatively coding for branching sucrases in the genome of Leuconostoc fallax KCTC3537 and Lactobacillus kunkeei EFB6. Biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant enzymes confirmed their branching specificity, revealing that branching sucrases are not only found in L. citreum species. According to phylogenetic analyses, these enzymes are proposed to constitute a new subgroup of the GH70 family

Molecular basis for extender unit specificity of mycobacterial polyketide synthases

International audienceMycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of the tuberculosis disease, which claims more human lives each year than any other bacterial pathogen. M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pathogens have developed a range of unique features that enhance their virulence and promote their survival in the human host. Among these features lies the particular cell envelope with high lipid content, which plays a substantial role in mycobacterial pathogenicity. Several envelope components of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, e.g. mycolic acids, phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids, belong to the ‘family’ of polyketides, secondary metabolites synthesized by fascinating versatile enzymes – polyketide synthases. These megasynthases consist of multiple catalytic domains, among which the acyltransferase domain plays a key role in selecting and transferring the substrates required for polyketide extension. Here, we present three new crystal structures of acyltransferase domains of mycobacterial polyketide synthases and, for one of them, provide evidence for the identification of residues determining extender unit specificity. Unravelling the molecular basis for such specificity is of high importance considering the role played by extender units for the final structure of key mycobacterial components. This work provides major advances for the use of mycobacterial polyketide synthases as potential therapeutic targets and, more generally, contributes to the prediction and bioengineering of polyketide synthases with desired specificity

Molecular Basis for Extender Unit Specificity of Mycobacterial Polyketide Synthases

International audienceMycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of the tuberculosis disease, which claims more human lives each year than any other bacterial pathogen. M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pathogens have developed a range of unique features that enhance their virulence and promote their survival in the human host. Among these features lies the particular cell envelope with high lipid content, which plays a substantial role in mycobacterial pathogenicity. Several envelope components of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, e.g., mycolic acids, phthiocerol dimycocerosates, and phenolic glycolipids, belong to the "family" of polyketides, secondary metabolites synthesized by fascinating versatile enzymes−polyketide synthases. These megasynthases consist of multiple catalytic domains, among which the acyltransferase domain plays a key role in selecting and transferring the substrates required for polyketide extension. Here, we present three new crystal structures of acyltransferase domains of mycobacterial polyketide synthases and, for one of them, provide evidence for the identification of residues determining extender unit specificity. Unravelling the molecular basis for such specificity is of high importance considering the role played by extender units for the final structure of key mycobacterial components. This work provides major advances for the use of mycobacterial polyketide synthases as potential therapeutic targets and, more generally, contributes to the prediction and bioengineering of polyketide synthases with desired specificity

Solution structure of the type I polyketide synthase Pks13 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

International audienceBackground: Type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multifunctional enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of a group of diverse natural compounds with biotechnological and pharmaceutical interest called polyketides. The diversity of polyketides is impressive despite the limited set of catalytic domains used by PKSs for biosynthesis, leading to considerable interest in deciphering their structure-function relationships, which is challenging due to high intrinsic flexibility. Among nineteen polyketide synthases encoded by the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pks13 is the condensase required for the final condensation step of two long acyl chains in the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acids, essential components of the cell envelope of Corynebacterineae species. It has been validated as a promising druggable target and knowledge of its structure is essential to speed up drug discovery to fight against tuberculosis. Results: We report here a quasi-atomic model of Pks13 obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering of the entire protein and various molecular subspecies combined with known high-resolution structures of Pks13 domains or structural homologues. As a comparison, the low-resolution structures of two other mycobacterial polyketide synthases, Mas and PpsA from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, are also presented. This study highlights a monomeric and elongated state of the enzyme with the apo-and holo-forms being identical at the resolution probed. Catalytic domains are segregated into two parts, which correspond to the condensation reaction per se and to the release of the product, a pivot for the enzyme flexibility being at the interface. The two acyl carrier protein domains are found at opposite sides of the ketosynthase domain and display distinct characteristics in terms of flexibility. Conclusions: The Pks13 model reported here provides the first structural information on the molecular mechanism of this complex enzyme and opens up new perspectives to develop inhibitors that target the interactions with its enzymatic partners or between catalytic domains within Pks13 itself

Solution structure of the type I polyketide synthase Pks13 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BackgroundType I polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multifunctional enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of a group of diverse natural compounds with biotechnological and pharmaceutical interest called polyketides. The diversity of polyketides is impressive despite the limited set of catalytic domains used by PKSs for biosynthesis, leading to considerable interest in deciphering their structure‐function relationships, which is challenging due to high intrinsic flexibility. Among nineteen polyketide synthases encoded by the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pks13 is the condensase required for the final condensation step of two long acyl chains in the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acids, essential components of the cell envelope of Corynebacterineae species. It has been validated as a promising druggable target and knowledge of its structure is essential to speed up drug discovery to fight against tuberculosis.ResultsWe report here a quasi-atomic model of Pks13 obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering of the entire protein and various molecular subspecies combined with known high-resolution structures of Pks13 domains or structural homologues. As a comparison, the low-resolution structures of two other mycobacterial polyketide synthases, Mas and PpsA from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, are also presented. This study highlights a monomeric and elongated state of the enzyme with the apo- and holo-forms being identical at the resolution probed. Catalytic domains are segregated into two parts, which correspond to the condensation reaction per se and to the release of the product, a pivot for the enzyme flexibility being at the interface. The two acyl carrier protein domains are found at opposite sides of the ketosynthase domain and display distinct characteristics in terms of flexibility.ConclusionsThe Pks13 model reported here provides the first structural information on the molecular mechanism of this complex enzyme and opens up new perspectives to develop inhibitors that target the interactions with its enzymatic partners or between catalytic domains within Pks13 itself