Expenditure ceilings and fiscal policy – Swedish experiences

In the late 1990s the Swedish budget process and fiscal framework were thoroughly reformed, and in 2006 the new system had been in place for eight years. The aim of this paper is to describe this system, with an emphasis on expenditure ceilings, and to discuss the experiences gained so far. The paper is organized as follows: First the reforms of the budget process and the Swedish fiscal framework are presented. Especially, the relation between expenditure ceilings and the surplus target is explained. Then the paper discusses the track record of the expenditure ceilings, describes the budget margin mechanism and the principles for deciding the nominal levels of the ceilings. After that the paper highlights some problems with the system. Then the functioning of the system over the economic cycle 1998 to 2005 is discussed. Finally, the conclusions are summarised

Anticuerpos monoclonales que se unen a la hormona del crecimiento humana (hGH)

Traducción de Patente Europea E97916700 (fecha de solicitud, 27/03/1997).-- Prioridad: SE199603299601231.-- Titulares: Pharmacia Spain S.A., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).La invención se refiere a anticuerpos monoclonales capaces de unirse específicamente a la variante de la hormona de crecimiento humana de peso molecular 20kda. Dicho anticuerpo monoclonal no presenta prácticamente unión a la hgh de 22 kda. La invención se refiere asimismo a la utilización de dicho anticuerpo monoclonal para la medición de la hgh de 20 k, especialmente en fluídos corporales. Los anticuerpos descritos se pueden emplear en la detección y cuantificación de hgh de 20k, especialmente en el suero.Peer reviewe

Magnetic Field From Spot Welding Equipment - Is the Basic Restriction Exceeded?

A point measurement of the magnetic field (MF) near a typical spot welding machine showed that the magnetic flux density was above the ICNIRP reference level. To investigate if the basic restrictions were exceeded, the induced body currents in a full 3D human model were calculated. It was found that at an operator position of 34 cm away from the machine the maximum induced current density was below the ICNIRP basic restriction. But if the operator was closer to the machine, the basic restriction was exceeded. An important finding of the present article is that the basic restriction can be exceeded although the MF spatially averaged over the whole body is well below the reference level

Anticuerpos monoclonales que se unen a la hormona del crecimiento humana (hGH).

Titulares: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). - Pharmacia Spain S.A.The invention relates to monoclonal antibody capable of specific binding to the molecular weight of 20 kDa variant of human growth hormone. This monoclonal antibody has no substantial binding to hGH of molecular weight 22 kDa. The invention also relates to the use of this monoclonal antibody for measurement of hGH 20K, especially in body fluids. The antibodies can be used for detection and quantification of hGH 20K, especially in serum.Peer reviewe