Hazard ratios (HR) for incident diabetes by income group and cardiovascular or psychosocial risk factors in older people –Hefei cohort study, China.

<p><a href="mailto:@1High" target="_blank">@1High</a> income- Very satisfactory income;</p><p><a href="mailto:@2Middle" target="_blank">@2Middle</a> income - Satisfactory income;</p><p><a href="mailto:@3low" target="_blank">@3low</a> - Average/Poor income or Financial problem in the last two years.</p>*<p>Nos of Diabetes/participants (%).</p>§<p>includes BMI>24, current- and ex- smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and no hobby of walking.</p>$<p>including any of worrying, feeling lonely, hypochondriasis, anxiety/depressive syndrome level, death of closely related people, horrifying experience, and less than daily visiting children/other relatives.</p>†<p><i>In the combined analysis of income with cardiovascular risk factors</i>, adjusted for age, marital status, living status, frequency of visiting children/other relatives, hypochondriasis, anxiety/depressive syndrome levels, hearing problems, and activity of daily living. <i>In the combined analysis of income with psychosocial factors</i>, adjusted for age, BMI, smoke habits, hobby of walking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hearing problems and activity of daily living.</p

Age-and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for incident diabetes in older people – Hefei cohort study, China.

<p>Age-and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for incident diabetes in older people – Hefei cohort study, China.</p

Distribution of risk factors for incident diabetes in older people – Hefei cohort study, China.

§<p>the participant reported their level of difficulty in questions of ADL scale. The valid response was ‘no difficulty alone’ (score 0), ‘manages alone with difficulty (score 1) cannot do alone (score 2). The scale consists of 14 items: having a bath or all-over wash, washing hands and face, putting on shoes and stockings/socks, doing up buttons and zips, dressing yourself other than the above, getting to and using the WC, getting in and out of bed, feeding self, shaving (men) or doing hair (women), cutting your own toenails, getting up and down steps, getting around the house, going out of doors alone and taking medicine.</p

Characteristics of the included studies in this meta-analysis for dietary GI, GL and risk of stroke and related mortality.

<p>Abbreviations: GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; FFQ, Food frequency questionnaire.</p>*<p>Study’s quality assessment was the same as the footnote of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052182#pone-0052182-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p>†<p>Only dietary GI was available in the original article.</p

Relative risks for the association between dietary GI or GL and risk of stroke.

<p>The risk estimate and 95%CI were calculated by comparing the highest category with lowest.</p

Relative risks of CHD and stroke by continuous dietary GL level.

<p>The 2-stage generalized least-squares trend estimation (GLST) method <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052182#pone.0052182-Orsini1" target="_blank">[33]</a> was used to evaluate the relative risks of CHD and stroke by continuous dietary GL level, which allowed combining the GLST-estimated study-specific slopes with the results from studies that only reported effect estimates for continuous associations. The per 50-unit increment in dietary GI level was approximately equivalent to the difference between the medians of the highest and the lowest categories of the included studies.</p

Relative risks for the association between dietary GI or GL and risk of CHD.

<p>The risk estimate and 95%CI were calculated by comparing the highest category with lowest.</p

Selection of studies for meta-analysis.

<p>Literatures search was conducted to identify articles up to April 30, 2012. Abbreviation: GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infraction; CVD, cardiovascular disease.</p

Stratified meta-analyses of association between dietary GI, GL and the risk of CHD by BMI.

*<p>Analyses of dietary GI were based on 5 studies (6 data points, because men and women were included separately for the Beulens study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052182#pone.0052182-Beulens1" target="_blank">[11]</a>).</p>†<p>Analyses of dietary GL were based on 6 studies (7 data points, because men and women were included separately for the Beulens study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052182#pone.0052182-Beulens1" target="_blank">[11]</a>).</p>‡<p><i>P_interaction</i> was for the difference in relative risks between higher and lower BMI overall.</p>§<p>The <i>I</i>² statistics and the Cochran Q test were used to examine statistical heterogeneity across studies.</p

Relative risks for the association between dietary GI or GL and risk of CHD among women.

<p>The risk estimate and 95%CI were calculated by comparing the highest category with lowest.</p