Additional file 1 of Maternal and neonatal complications after IVF/ICSI-fresh embryo transfer in low-prognosis women under the POSEIDON criteria: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 1

Chronic Pelvic Inflammation Diminished Ovarian Reserve as Indicated by Serum Anti Mülerrian Hormone

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To explore the potential damaging effect of chronic pelvic inflammation on ovarian reserve.</p><p>Design</p><p>Case-control study.</p><p>Patients</p><p>A total of 122 women with bilateral tubal occlusion, diagnosed by hysterosalipingography (HSG) and 217 women with normal fallopians were recruited.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), basic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteining hormone (LH), estradiol (E₂), and testosterone (T) were measured; and antral follicle counts (AFCs) were recorded.</p><p>Results</p><p>Significantly lower level of AMH was observed in women with bilateral tubal occlusion compared to control group [2.62 (2.95) ng/ml vs. 3.37 (3.11) ng/ml, P = 0.03], and the difference remained after adjustment of BMI (P_adjust = 0.04). However, no statistical difference was found in the levels of FSH [7.00 (2.16) IU/L vs. 6.74 (2.30) IU/L], LH [4.18 (1.52) IU/L vs. 4.63 (2.52) IU/L], E₂ [35.95 (20.40) pg/ml vs. 34.90 (17.85) pg/ml], T [25.07±11.46 ng/dl vs. 24.84±12.75 ng/dl], and AFC [6.00 (4.00) vs. 7.00 (4.00)] between two groups (p>0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Women with bilateral tubal occlusion showed decreased AMH level, suggesting that chronic pelvic inflammation may diminish ovarian reserve. More caution should be paid when evaluating the detriment of PID on female fertility.</p></div

Clinical characteristics.

<p>Clinical characteristics.</p

Comparison of parameters indicating ovarian reserve between cases and controls.

<p>Comparison of parameters indicating ovarian reserve between cases and controls.</p

POF patients with sub-genotype <i>hom-high/high and hom-low/high</i> showed earlier age at menopause compared with <i>norm</i> (20.4±4.8 vs. 24.7±6.4, p<0.01; 18.7±1.7 vs. 24.7±6.4, p<0.01, respectively).

<p>POF patients with sub-genotype <i>hom-high/high and hom-low/high</i> showed earlier age at menopause compared with <i>norm</i> (20.4±4.8 vs. 24.7±6.4, p<0.01; 18.7±1.7 vs. 24.7±6.4, p<0.01, respectively).</p

Clinical characteristics of POF patients and controls.

<p>Note: All of the normal control women did not have amenorrhea.</p

<i>abo8</i> mutation decreases the activity of the root meristem.

<p>A. The meristem zone (white line), elongation zone (blue line), and differentiation zone (green line) with 0 or 30 µM ABA treatment. Bars = 100 µm. Each image was made by joining several photographs of the same root. B. Meristem cell number of the wilt type, <i>abo8-1</i> and <i>abo8-2</i> in different times after seed germination (DAG). C. The meristem zone length, cell number, and cell length with 0 or 30 µM ABA treatment. D. The elongation zone length, cell number, and cell length with 0 or 30 µM ABA treatment. E. The differentiation zone length, cell number, and cell length with 0 or 30 µM ABA treatment. In C–E, two experiments were done with similar results, each with three repeats, each repeat with 10 roots. Values are means ±SE from one experiment. Means with different letters are significantly different at P<0.01. F. Size of the amplified root meristem in the wild type and <i>abo8-1</i> with and without ABA treatment. Bars = 50 µm. G. The expression of <i>ProCYCB1;1:GUS</i> in the wild type and <i>abo8-1</i> with or without 30 µM ABA treatment. Bars = 50 µm.</p

Genetic analysis of <i>ABO8</i> with <i>PLT1</i> and <i>PLT2</i>.

<p>A. The roots of the wild type Col-0, Ws, <i>plt1-4</i>, <i>plt2-2</i>, <i>abo8-1</i>, <i>abo8-1 plt1-4</i>, and <i>abo8-1 plt2-2</i> grown on MS medium or MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of ABA, 300 µM GSH or 30 µM ABA plus 300 µM GSH for 5 days. Red line indicates the root tip positions after 5-day seedlings were just transferred onto different medium. Bars = 5 mm. B–E. The root growth and relative root growth of different plants in (A). Relative root growth is expressed to that of the wild type or mutants on MS without ABA. About 15 roots from three plates were measured in each experiment, and three experiments were done with similar results. Values are means ±SE, n = 3. Means with different letters are significantly different at P<0.01. F. The length of the root meristem (red line) of different genotypes on MS medium or MS medium supplemented with 30 µM ABA, 300 µM GSH or 30 µM ABA plus 300 µM GSH. Bars = 50 µm. G. The MZ cell number in (F). Three independent experiments were done with similar results, and each experiment had three replicates. About 20 roots were measured for each replicate. Values are means ±SE from one experiment. Means with different letters are significantly different at P<0.01.</p

The expression and localization of ABO8.

<p>A. The expression pattern of <i>ProABO8:GUS</i> in the whole seedling and roots. a, a seedling, bar = 1 mm; b, a primary root, bar = 50 µm; c, an amplified primary root tip, bar = 20 µm; d, a lateral root primordium, bars = 50 µm. B. The expression of <i>ProABO8:ABO8-GFP</i> in a lateral root (a, left) and a lateral root primordium (b, right). Bars = 50 µm. C. The expression of <i>ProABO8:ABO8-GFP</i> in a primary root. Bars = 50 µm. D. Co-subcellular localization of ABO8-GFP with Mito-Tracker. Bars = 10 µm. E. Expression of <i>ABO8</i> is reduced by ABA treatment. Seedlings were treated with or without 30 µM ABA for 8 h, and total RNAs were used for qRT-PCR. <i>ACTIN2</i> was used as a control. Three independent experiments were done with similar results, each with three biological replicates. Results shown are from one experiment. Values are means ±SE, n = 3. **: P<0.01.</p

ABA-Mediated ROS in Mitochondria Regulate Root Meristem Activity by Controlling <i>PLETHORA</i> Expression in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

<div><p>Although research has determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules in plant development, the molecular mechanism by which ROS regulate plant growth is not well known. An <i><u>ab</u></i>a <i><u>o</u></i>verly sensitive mutant, <i>abo8-1</i>, which is defective in a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein responsible for the splicing of <i>NAD4</i> intron 3 in mitochondrial complex I, accumulates more ROS in root tips than the wild type, and the ROS accumulation is further enhanced by ABA treatment. The <i>ABO8</i> mutation reduces root meristem activity, which can be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversibly recovered by addition of certain concentrations of the reducing agent GSH. As indicated by low <i>ProDR5:GUS</i> expression, auxin accumulation/signaling was reduced in <i>abo8-1</i>. We also found that ABA inhibits the expression of <i>PLETHORA1</i> (<i>PLT1</i>) and <i>PLT2</i>, and that root growth is more sensitive to ABA in the <i>plt1</i> and <i>plt2</i> mutants than in the wild type. The expression of <i>PLT1</i> and <i>PLT2</i> is significantly reduced in the <i>abo8-1</i> mutant. Overexpression of PLT2 in an inducible system can largely rescue root apical meristem (RAM)-defective phenotype of <i>abo8-1</i> with and without ABA treatment. These results suggest that ABA-promoted ROS in the mitochondria of root tips are important retrograde signals that regulate root meristem activity by controlling auxin accumulation/signaling and <i>PLT</i> expression in <i>Arabidopsis</i>.</p></div