CO2 capillary trapping in layered sandstone dominated by inertial force and gravity

Capillary trapping is an important strategy to prevent CO2 from escaping. Meanwhile, under immiscible conditions, CO2 may travel upwards by gravity. Studying the long-term effects of gravity and layered heterogeneity on CO2 transport is crucial for ensuring CO2 storage security in aquifers. In this work, fluid flow experiments driven by inertial force and gravity are conducted in a specially constructed layered sandstone. Whether driven by inertial force or gravity, the variation in CO2 distribution in the high-permeability layer is consistently the most significant factor. In the low-permeability layer, the saturation and capillary pressure distribution of CO2 clusters vary less and the geometric shapes are also more complex, thus the CO2 capillary trapping in this layer is more stable. This work demonstrates that the low-permeability layer can effectively prevent CO2 from escaping upwards when the permeability ratio between layers approaches two.Document Type: Short communicationCited as: Li, Y., Yang, Y., Dong, M. CO2 capillary trapping in layered sandstone dominated by inertial force and gravity. Capillarity, 2024, 10(1): 22-28. https://doi.org/10.46690/capi.2024.01.0

Immobilization of Cadmium by Molecular Sieve and Wollastonite Is Soil pH and Organic Matter Dependent

The excessive cadmium (Cd) concentration in agricultural products has become a major public concern in China in recent years. In this study, two amendments, 4A molecular sieve (MS) and wollastonite (WS), were evaluated for their potential passivation in reducing Cd uptake by amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in six soils with different properties. Results showed that the responses of amaranth biomass to these amendments were soil-property-dependent. The effects of MS and WS on soil available Cd were in turn dependent on soil and amendment properties. The application of WS and MS at a dose of 660 mg·kg−1 Si produced the optimum effect on inhibiting Cd accumulation in amaranth shoots (36% and 34%, respectively) and did not affect crop yield. This was predominantly attributed to the marked increase in pH and exogenous Ca or Na, which facilitated the adsorption, precipitation, and complexation of Cd in soils. The immobilization effects of WS and MS were dependent on soil properties, where soil organic matter may have played an important role. In conclusion, MS and WS possess great potential for the remediation of Cd-contaminated acidic soils

Selective Production of Diethyl Maleate via Oxidative Cleavage of Lignin Aromatic Unit

Green production of bulk chemicals traditionally obtained from fossil resources is of great importance. One potential route toward realizing this goal is through the utilization of renewable lignin; however, current techniques generally lead to low product specificity because of the structural diversity of this recalcitrant biopolymer. Herein, we devised a new catalytic system to promote selectively oxidative lignin in air, and diethyl maleate was formed at impressively high yield of 404.8 mg g(-1) and selectivity of 72.7% over the polyoxometalate ionic liquid of [BSmim]CuPW12O40. This high catalytic activity is ascribed to a five-coordinated Cu+ species, which, through the formation of end-on dioxygen species in vacant orbitals, facilitates the selective oxidation of basic lignin aromatic units (phenylpropane C-9 units). Therefore, these results represent significant progress toward the realization of an industrially applicable and highly selective lignin oxidation process for the generation of value-added and bulk chemicals

Long-acting recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) for perioperative haemostatic management in severe haemophilia A

The Phase 3 A-LONG and Kids A-LONG studies demonstrated the prolonged half-life of rFVIIIFc compared with rFVIII, and the safety and efficacy of rFVIIIFc in subjects with severe haemophilia A. Eligible subjects from A-LONG and Kids A-LONG continued rFVIIIFc treatment by enrolling in ASPIRE, an ongoing extension study. Based on combined data from the primary studies and ASPIRE interim data, the safety and efficacy of rFVIIIFc in subjects requiring surgery were evaluated. Perioperative dosing regimens were determined by investigators with guidance based on pharmacokinetic data and recommendations from a clinical dosing committee. In addition to dosing frequency, factor consumption, blood loss, transfusions, bleeding episodes, and haemostatic response were assessed. Across studies, 21 subjects underwent 23 evaluable major surgeries, including 19 orthopaedic surgeries; 41 subjects underwent 52 minor surgeries, including 30 dental procedures. No major and 10 minor surgeries were performed in paediatric subjects. Of the major (n = 22) and minor (n = 32) surgeries assessed for haemostatic response, all were rated as excellent or good by the investigator/surgeon. During most major surgeries (95.7 %), haemostasis was maintained with one rFVIIIFc infusion. Blood loss in major surgeries was consistent with similar surgeries in subjects without haemophilia. Across studies, rFVIIIFc was well tolerated; no subject developed an inhibitor

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Caspofungin in Pediatric Patients▿†

We describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal, administered once daily as a 1-hour intravenous infusion in children and adolescents (ages, 3 months to 17 years), based on pooled data from four prospective pediatric studies. Caspofungin dosing was body-surface-area (BSA) based (50 mg/m2 daily after 70 mg/m2 on day 1). The area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC0–24), the concentration at the end of infusion (1 h after the start of infusion; C1), and the trough concentration (24 h after the start of infusion; C24) were obtained for 32 pediatric patients with invasive candidiasis, 10 with invasive aspergillosis, and 82 in the setting of empirical therapy with fever and neutropenia. Exposures were modestly higher (93 to 134% for C1, 45 to 78% for C24, ∼40% for AUC0–24) in pediatric patients than in adults receiving the standard 50-mg daily dose. The potential for covariates (age, gender, weight, race, renal status, serum albumin level, and disease state) to alter PKs was evaluated with a multiple-linear-regression model. Weight and disease state had statistically significant (P < 0.05) yet small effects on caspofungin PKs in pediatric patients. Concomitant use of dexamethasone (a cytochrome p450 inducer) was associated with a statistically significant reduction (44%) in C24 in a limited number of patients (n = 4). Odds ratios were estimated for the association between log-transformed PKs and treatment outcome or adverse events. No PK parameter or hybrid parameter (AUC/MIC, C1/MIC, and C24/MIC) was significantly correlated with treatment outcome or adverse events in the setting of similar response levels as adults, which suggests that the concentrations examined fall within the therapeutic window for caspofungin in pediatric patients. These results support a 50-mg/m2 daily dosing regimen (after a 70-mg/m2 loading dose) in children ages 3 months to 17 years