Mapping Isoflavone QTL with Main, Epistatic and QTL × Environment Effects in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Soybean

<div><p>Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.) isoflavone is important for human health and plant defense system. To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) and epistatic QTL underlying isoflavone content in soybean, F_5:6, F_5:7 and F_5:8 populations of 130 recombinant inbred (RI) lines, derived from the cross of soybean cultivar ‘Zhong Dou 27′ (high isoflavone) and ‘Jiu Nong 20′ (low isoflavone), were analyzed with 95 new SSR markers. A new linkage map including 194 SSR markers and covering 2,312 cM with mean distance of about 12 cM between markers was constructed. Thirty four QTL for both individual and total seed isoflavone contents of soybean were identified. Six, seven, ten and eleven QTL were associated with daidzein (DZ), glycitein (GC), genistein (GT) and total isoflavone (TI), respectively. Of them 23 QTL were newly identified. The qTIF_1 between Satt423 and Satt569 shared the same marker Satt569 with qDZF_2, qGTF_1 and qTIF_2. The qGTD2_1 between Satt186 and Satt226 was detected in four environments and explained 3.41%-10.98% of the phenotypic variation. The qGTA2_1, overlapped with qGCA2_1 and detected in four environments, was close to the previously identified major QTL for GT, which were responsible for large <i>a</i> effects. QTL (qDZF_2, qGTF_1 and qTIF_2) between Satt144-Satt569 were either clustered or pleiotropic. The qGCM_1, qGTM_1 and qTIM_1 between Satt540-Sat_244 explained 2.02%–9.12% of the phenotypic variation over six environments. Moreover, the qGCE_1 overlapped with qGTE_1 and qTIE_1, the qTIH_2 overlapped with qGTH_1, qGCI_1 overlapped with qDZI_1, qTIL_1 overlapped with qGTL_1, and qTIO_1 overlapped with qGTO_1. In this study, some of unstable QTL were detected in different environments, which were due to weak expression of QTL, QTL by environment interaction in the opposite direction to <i>a</i> effects, and/or epistasis. The markers identified in multi-environments in this study could be applied in the selection of soybean cultivars for higher isoflavone content and in the map-based gene cloning.</p></div

GT biplot analysis for the relatedness of QTL and environment.

<p>PC1: first principle component, PC2: second principle component.</p

Summary of QTL locations detected in the soybean genome.

<p>QTL represented by bars were shown on the left of the linkage groups, close to their corresponding markers. The lengths of the bars were proportional to the confidence intervals of the corresponding QTL in which the inner line indicates the position of maximum LOD score.</p

QTLs for individual and total isoflavone content.

<p>^a DZ: Daidzein; GC:Glycitein; GT: Genistein; TI: Total isoflavone</p><p>^b The nomenclature of the QTL included four parts: QTL, trait, linkage group name and QTL order in the linkage group, respectively</p><p>^c Position from the left marker of the interval on each linkage group</p><p>^d Proportion of phenotypic variance (R²) explained by a QTL</p><p>^e Additional QTL for individual and total isoflavone content</p><p>^f QTL in accordance with Zeng et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118447#pone.0118447.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>]</p><p>^g E1: at Harbin in 2005, E2: at Harbin in 2006, E3: at Hulan in 2006, E4:at Suihua in 2006, E5: at Harbin in 2007, E6: at Hulan in 2007, E7: at Suihua in 2007</p><p>QTLs for individual and total isoflavone content.</p

Pixel-Bit

Resumen basado en el de la publicaciónEl guión cinematográfico ha sido tratado de formas muy diferentes a lo largo de la historia. Si bien, las primeras películas carecían de guión y eran producciones sencillas de argumento y con escasez de medios, con la llegada de Méliès al mundo del cine el tema de la planificación de la producción adquirió cierto relieve e importancia. Sirviéndose de técnicas teatrales creó escenarios, trucos, hizo uso de la iluminación artificial, y utilizó la cámara de forma parecida a como es usada en el siglo XX. Los medios cinematográficos, televisivo, videográfico y los avances de la tecnología electrónica audiovisual han generado una dinámica de la producción en constante evolución y sometida a una constante revisión de métodos y medios. Por lo tanto, en la planificación de guiones lo definitivo, no existe.ES