Preparation and Performance Research of Baking-Carbonized Functional Flavors/Konjac Glucomannan Porous Composite Membrane

To develop one porous additive material that can be assembled on cigarette filter, and achieve both functions of reducing hazard substances like tar and providing special aroma and moisture, this study innovatively selects the raw materials like baking-carbonized functional flavors with special aroma and konjac glucomannan (KGM) with properties of water absorption, gelling and film-forming, following the steps of casting into membrane shape, thermostatic crosslinking for strength enhancement and freeze-drying for pore creating to prepare 5 porous composite membranes based on baked-carbonized functional flavors and konjac glucomannan (KGM) were prepared. The composite structure, morphologies on the surface and the cross section, porosity structures including mesoporous and macropore of the porous composite membranes were characterized, the tensile performance and aroma constituents through solid phase microextraction and hazardous substances adsorption as packed into the commercial cigarette were also studied. Results showed that all baked-carbonized functional flavors were carbonized into amorphous, and contained the groups of aromatic components like ≡C-H, C=O, C-O-C (aldehydes, esters), cross-linking achieved the entanglement of KGM segments by deacetylation. When compounded, KGM acted as the framework to build the 3D porous network structure, and the functional flavor powders were wrapped into the KGM layer. All porous composite membranes owned some mechanical strength and the internal porosity over 90%, the mesopores and the macropores were ranged with 5–50 nm and 20–255 µm, respectively, which was satisfied for gas flowing and harmful substances adsorption. Aroma and resulting abundance of extracted constituents changed with timing, which equipped the membranes with a comprehensive aroma feeling. Among them, the membrane prepared with the raw material of dark plum showed a better comprehensive performance, especially it could significantly reduce the contents of harmful HCN and phenol in cigarette during smoking.2022 International Conference on Smart Manufacturing and Material Processing (SMMP2022), 12 - 13 August, 2022, virtual even

Prediction of H2O PVT relations at high temperatures by VHL equation of state

Based on the VHL equation of state(EOS) described by the L-J potential function, the water in the high-temperature situation is depicted by medium-high pressure thermodynamic states. The L-J potential function parameters of water adopt a temperature-dependent function form, and by using complex configuration optimization method, the specific value is obtained from the date in NIST during the range of 800K-1275K and 0.1GPa-1.0GPa. In order to test the suitability of VHL equation of state in high -temperature and medium-high pressure state, the theoretical and experimental data of higher temperature and pressure range are investigated. What’s more, the theoretical calculation results of VLW, DMW, BS and TIP4P equations of state are compared. The results show that, during the high-temperature and medium-high pressure section, the volumetric error of water calculated by VHL equation of state is less than 7%. Considering the uncertainty of the experimental data, it can be thought that the VHL equation of state and the temperature-dependent potential function form proposed in this paper can describe the state of water in high temperature, medium-high pressure better

Full Genome Sequencing of Three Sedoreoviridae Viruses Isolated from Culicoides spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in China

Sedoreoviridae is a family of viruses belonging to the order Reovirales and comprises six genera, two of which, Orbivirus and Seadornavirus, contain arboviruses that cause disease in humans and livestock. Areas such as Yunnan Province in southwestern China, have high arboviral activity due in part to warm and wet summers, which support high populations of biting flies such as mosquitoes and Culicoides. Three viral isolates previously obtained from Culicoides collected at cattle farms in Shizong County of Yunnan Province, China, between 2019 and 2020 were completely sequenced and identified as Banna virus (BAV) genotype A of Seadornavirus and serotypes 1 and 7 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) of Orbivirus. These results suggest that Culicoidestainanus and C. orientalis are potential vectors of BAV and EHDV, respectively, and represent the first association of a BAV with C. tainanus and of an arbovirus with C. orientalis. Analysis using VP9 generally agreed with the current groupings within this genus based on VP12, although the classification for some strains should be corrected. Furthermore, the placement of Kadipiro virus (KDV) and Liao ning virus (LNV) in Seadornavirus may need confirmation as phylogenetic analysis placed these viruses as sister to other species in the genus

The Potential of Biochar as N Carrier to Recover N from Wastewater for Reuse in Planting Soil: Adsorption Capacity and Bioavailability Analysis

Recovering nitrogen (N) from agricultural wastewater for reuse in planting fields is a more sustainable and economical strategy to limit N pollution than using conventional treatments. Hereby, regular biochar produced by wheat straw pyrolysis and Mg-modified biochar were used as the N carriers to assess inorganic-N adsorption from simulated agricultural wastewater and the potential for reuse of the carried N in a planting system. The results showed that biochar materials have different affinities towards inorganic-N types. The amount of biochar carried-N increased with the increase in inorganic-N concentration and reached 4.44 mg/g as the maximum. The biochar carried ~4 mg/g of inorganic N substituting nearly 40% of N fertilizer following a 1% w/w addition rate for vegetable planting. After a trial season, 34.7–42.7% of the carried N from biochar was assimilated by the plant, 45.9–53.7% was retained by the soil, and only about 10% was lost. In comparison to the condition with all N inputs from chemical fertilizer, the addition of part of N by the N–biochar matrix significantly reduced the N loss by improving the plant N uptake or increasing the N content in the soil. This study demonstrates that biochar materials could be used as N carriers to recover N from wastewater for reuse in soil, carrier stability, and bioavailability preservation

FULL TIME-SPACE GOVERNANCE STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR CROPLAND NON-POINT POLLUTION CONTROL IN CHINA

● Full time-space governance strategy for AGNPS pollution was proposed.● The 4R chain technology system including source reduction, process retention, nutrient reuse and water restoration was reviewed.● The strategy and 4R technology system was successfully applied for AGNPS pollution control at administrative village scale.● Future challenge include the monitoring system, new smart fertilizer and intelligent equipment, governance standards and supportive policies. Ensuring food safety while reducing agricultural non-point source pollution is quite challenging, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Effective systematic strategies and comprehensive technologies need to be developed for agricultural non-point source pollution control at the watershed scale to improve surface water quality. In this review, a proposal is made for a full time-space governance strategy that prioritizes source management followed by endpoint water pollution control. The 4R chain technology system is specifically reviewed, including source reduction, process retention, nutrient reuse and water restoration. The 4R chain technology system with the full time-space governance strategy was applied at the scale of an administrative village and proved to be a feasible solution for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution in China. In the future, a monitoring system needs to be established to trace N and P transport. Additionally, new smart fertilizer and intelligent equipment need to be developed, and relevant governance standards and supportive policies need to be set to enhance the efficacy of agricultural non-point source pollution control

Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands

Cropland is a main source of global nitrogen pollution1,2. Mitigating nitrogen pollution from global croplands is a grand challenge because of the nature of non-point-source pollution from millions of farms and the constraints to implementing pollution-reduction measures, such as lack of financial resources and limited nitrogen-management knowledge of farmers3. Here we synthesize 1,521 field observations worldwide and identify 11 key measures that can reduce nitrogen losses from croplands to air and water by 30–70%, while increasing crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 10–30% and 10–80%, respectively. Overall, adoption of this package of measures on global croplands would allow the production of 17 ± 3 Tg (1012 g) more crop nitrogen (20% increase) with 22 ± 4 Tg less nitrogen fertilizer used (21% reduction) and 26 ± 5 Tg less nitrogen pollution (32% reduction) to the environment for the considered base year of 2015. These changes could gain a global societal benefit of 476 ± 123 billion US dollars (USD) for food supply, human health, ecosystems and climate, with net mitigation costs of only 19 ± 5 billion USD, of which 15 ± 4 billion USD fertilizer saving offsets 44% of the gross mitigation cost. To mitigate nitrogen pollution from croplands in the future, innovative policies such as a nitrogen credit system (NCS) could be implemented to select, incentivize and, where necessary, subsidize the adoption of these measures

Publisher Correction: Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands

This paper was originally published under a standard Springer Nature license (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited). It is now available as an Open Access paper under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, © The Author(s). Additionally, the maps in Figure 3d,e were mistakenly reversed (e.g., Alaska should now appear in red in the top-left of Fig. 3d), while in Figure 5c, the y-axis label for cropland area read “103 ha” rather than “106 ha” as corrected now. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article and the source data for are updated

Publisher Correction: Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands (Nature, (2023), 613, 7942, (77-84), 10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8)

Correction to: Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8 Published online 4 January 202