Presentation_1_Cortical Gray Matter Loss, Augmented Vulnerability to Speech-on-Speech Masking, and Delusion in People With Schizophrenia.pdf

<p>People with schizophrenia exhibit impairments in target-speech recognition (TSR) against multiple-talker-induced informational speech masking. Up to date, the underlying neural mechanisms and its relationships with psychotic symptoms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether the schizophrenia-associated TSR impairment contribute to certain psychotic symptoms by sharing underlying alternations in cortical gray-matter volume (GMV) with the psychotic symptoms. Participants with schizophrenia (N = 34) and their matched healthy controls (N = 29) were tested for TSR against a two-talker-speech masker. Psychotic symptoms of participants with schizophrenia were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The regional GMV across various cortical regions was assessed using the voxel-based morphometry. The results of partial-correlation and mediation analyses showed that in participants with schizophrenia, the TSR was negatively correlated with the delusion severity, but positively with the GMV in the bilateral superior/middle temporal cortex, bilateral insular, left medial orbital frontal gyrus, left Rolandic operculum, left mid-cingulate cortex, left posterior fusiform, and left cerebellum. Moreover, the association between GMV and delusion was based on the mediating role played by the TSR performance. Thus, in people with schizophrenia, both delusions and the augmented vulnerability of TSR to informational masking are associated with each other and share the underlying cortical GMV reduction, suggesting that the origin of delusion in schizophrenia may be related to disorganized or limited informational processing (e.g., the incapability of adequately filtering information from multiple sources at the perceptual level). The TSR impairment can be a potential marker for predicting delusion severity.</p

The timeline of treatment, behavioral testing and IHC.

<p>The timeline of treatment, behavioral testing and IHC.</p

Effects of minocycline, risperidone and combination of these two supplementation and LPS treatment on open-field task.

<p>NS represents no significance. The data is shown as means ± SEM. n = 8 for each group.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Heterogeneity of psychosocial functioning in patients with bipolar disorder: Associations with sociodemographic, clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical variables.PDF

ObjectiveThis study aims to identify the functional heterogeneity in fully or partially remitted patients with bipolar disorder and explore the correlations between psychosocial functioning and sociodemographic, clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical variables.MethodsOne hundred and forty fully or partially remitted patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and seventy healthy controls were recruited. The patients were grouped into different profiles based on the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) domain scores by hierarchical cluster analysis. The characteristics of subgroups and the correlations between psychosocial functioning and sociodemographic, clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical variables in each cluster were then analyzed.ResultsThere were three subgroups in fully or partially remitted patients with BD: the lower functioning group (LF), performed global functioning impairments; the moderate functioning group (MF), presented selective impairments in functional domains; and the good functioning subgroup (GF), performed almost intact functioning. Among the three subgroups, there were differences in FAST domains, sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, some neurocognitive domains and several biochemical indexes.ConclusionsThe study successfully identified three functional subgroups. The characteristics of discrete subgroups and the specific clinical factors, neurocognitive domains and biochemical indexes that are correlated with functional subgroups will allow for making tailored interventions to promote functional recovery and improve the quality of life.</p

Iba1-immunopositive cells in VH, Cx and Th of saline- and LPS-injected rats.

<p>A small number of Iba1-immunopositive cells are present in VH, Cx and Th of rats received neonatal intrahippocampal injection of saline (A) and the saline-injected rats treated with minocycline (B), risperidone (C) or both of them (D). On the other hand, a large of number of Iba1-immunopositive cells are observed in VH, Cx and Th of the rats received neonatal intrahippocampal injection of LPS (E), but it is dramatically reduced after intragastric administration of minocycline (F), risperidone (G) or both of them (H). A'–H' are high magnification of the ventral hippocampus in A–H, respectively. Cx, cerebral cortex; Th, thalamus; VH, ventral hippocampus. Scale bars  = 200 μm in H (applied from A–G) and 20 μm in H' (applied for A'–G').</p

Comparison of number of Iba1-immunopositive cells in VH (A), Cx (B) and Th (C) among different groups.

<p>The data is shown as means ± SEM. n = 4 for each group. ** P<0.01, compared with saline-injected group; # P<0.01, compared with LPS-injected group.</p

Effects of minocycline, risperidone and combination of these two on LPS-induced social interaction behaviors shown by number of contact (Figure 3A) and time spent in contact (Figure 3B).

<p>The data are shown as means ± SEM. n  =  8 for each group. ** P<0.01, compared with saline-injected group; # P<0.01, compared with LPS-injected group.</p

Effects of minocycline,risperidone, minocycline combination with risperidone on LPS-induced PPI deficits in rats.

<p>The data is shown as means ± SEM. n = 8 for each group. ** P<0.01. compared with saline-injected group; # P<0.01,compared with LPS-injected group.</p

Effects of pallidal infusion of dopamine receptor antagonists on PPI deficits.

<p>Different doses of the D1-like receptor antagonist [SCH23390; 0 µg (vehicle), 0.5 µg or 2 µg per site] or the D2-like receptor antagonist [raclopride; 0 µg (vehicle alone), 0.5 µg or 2 µg per site] were administered to both hemispheres of the globus pallidus of EGF and control rats. (A) Cannula placement was confirmed in fixed brains, and four out of 69 rats were excluded from the final data analysis due to incorrect cannula placement. Rats receiving SCH23390 (B) or raclopride (C) were subjected to PPI test with 75-, 80- and 85-dB prepulse stimuli combined with a 120-dB startle tone. Pulse-alone startle responses to a 120-dB tone were measured in arbitrary units and are shown in the inset. Bars indicate mean ± SEM (N = 8–9 for each group). Data of rats receiving vehicle alone (control) were shared in (B) and (C). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, compared with vehicle-infused controls; +P<0.05, ++P<0.01, compared with vehicle-infused EGF rats by Fisher's LSD.</p

Influences of pallidal reserpine infusion on locomotor activity and social interaction.

<p>EGF and control (CON) rats received local reserpine- or vehicle-infusion to both hemispheres of the GP. (A) Cannula placement was confirmed in fixed brains, and two out of 36 rats were excluded from the final data analysis due to incorrect cannula placement. (B) Two hours after pallidal infusion, rats were placed in the automated activity monitoring chamber for 60 min. Data represent horizontal movement (cm) for every 5 min (mean ± SEM, N = 7–9 for each group). (C) Following locomotor test, an unfamiliar male rat was placed in the same chamber. The number and duration of sniffing behaviors of operated rats were counted for 10 min. Bars indicate mean ± SEM (N = 8–9 for each group). **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 by Fisher's LSD, compared with vehicle-infused controls.</p