Solution-Processable ZnO/Carbon Quantum Dots Electron Extraction Layer for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

In this work, we report the effort to develop high-efficiency inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) by applying a solution-processable bilayer ZnO/carbon quantum dots (C-QDs) electron extraction layer (EEL). It is shown that the use of the bilayer EEL helps to suppress the exciton quenching by passivating the ZnO surface defects in the EEL, leading to an enhanced exciton dissociation, reduced charge recombination and more efficient charge extraction probability, and thereby achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The inverted PSCs, based on the blend of poly­{4,8-bis­[(2-ethylhexyl)­oxy]­benzo­[1,2-<i>b</i>:4,5-<i>b</i>′]­dithiophene-2,6-diyl-<i>alt</i>-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)­carbonyl]­thieno­[3,4-<i>b</i>]­thiophene-4,6-diyl} and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester, possess a significant improvement in PCE of ∼9.64%, which is >27% higher than that of a control cell (∼7.59%). The use of a bilayer ZnO/C-QD EEL offers a promising approach for attaining high-efficiency inverted PSCs