Table_1_ChatBBNJ: a question–answering system for acquiring knowledge on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.docx

The marine biodiversity in Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), encompassing approximately two-thirds of the global ocean, is persistently declining. In 2023, the agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) was officially adopted. Implementing the BBNJ Agreement has the potential to effectively meet global needs for preserving marine biodiversity. Nevertheless, the implementation requires dealing with thousands of legal clauses, and the parties participating in the process lack adequate means to acquire knowledge connected to BBNJ. This paper introduces ChatBBNJ, a highly efficient question-answering system that combines a novel data engineering technique with large language models (LLMs) of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The system aims to efficiently provide stakeholders with BBNJ-related knowledge, thereby facilitating and enhancing their comprehension and involvement with the subject matter. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ChatBBNJ exhibits superior expertise in the BBNJ domain, outperforming baseline models in terms of precision, recall, and F1-scores. The successful deployment of the suggested system is expected to greatly assist stakeholders in acquiring BBNJ knowledge and facilitating the effective implementation of the BBNJ Agreement. Therefore, this is expected to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ.</p

Uptake, Translocation, and Subcellular Distribution of Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone in Tomato Plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)

The uptake, translocation, and subcellular distribution of oxathiapiprolin and famoxadone in tomato plants were investigated using hydroponic experiments. Oxathiapiprolin and famoxadone mainly accumulated in the tomato roots with limited translocation capacity from the roots to the upper part. The root absorption and inhibitor results noted the dominance of the apoplastic and symplastic pathways in the oxathiapiprolin and famoxadone uptake by the tomato roots, respectively. Furthermore, the uptake process for the two fungicides followed passive and aquaporin-dependent transport. Insoluble cell components (cell organelles and walls) were the dominant storage compartments for oxathiapiprolin and famoxadone. In the protoplast, oxathiapiprolin in the soluble fraction had a higher proportion than that of famoxadone. Finally, the uptake and distribution of the two fungicides by the tomato plants was accurately predicted using a partition-limited model. Thus, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the transfer of oxathiapiprolin and famoxadone from the environment to tomato plants

Characteristics of the included studies.

Early biomarkers are needed to identify patients at risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Our objective was to determine neuronal injury-related biomarkers with predictive values for this condition. Six biomarkers (S100β, neuron-specific enolase [NSE], amyloid beta [Aβ], tau, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were evaluated. According to the first postoperative sampling time, observational studies showed that S100β was significantly higher in patients with POCD than in those without POCD (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 6.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.44−9.41). The randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed that S100β (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and NSE (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) in the POCD group were significantly higher than in the non-POCD group. The pooled data of observational studies by postoperative sampling time showed significantly higher levels of the following biomarkers in the POCD groups than in the control groups: S100β levels at 1 hour (SMD: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.07−2.64), 2 days (SMD: 27.97, 95% CI: 25.01−30.94), and 9 days (SMD: 6.41, 95% CI: 5.64−7.19); NSE levels at 1 hour (SMD: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.25−1.60), 6 hours (SMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.12−1.45), and 24 hours (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.38−1.29); and Aβ levels at 24 hours (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.54−3.06), 2 days (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.83−2.78), and 9 days (SMD: 2.76, 95% CI: 2.25−3.26). The pooled data of the RCT showed that the following biomarkers were significantly higher in POCD patients than in non-POCD patients: S100β levels at 2 days (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and 9 days (SMD: 126.37, 95% CI: 104.97−147.76) and NSE levels at 2 days (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) and 9 days (SMD: 8.53, 95% CI: 7.00−10.06). High postoperative levels of S100β, NSE, and Aβ may predict POCD. The relationship between these biomarkers and POCD may be affected by sampling time.</div

Egger’s test results for publication and selective reporting bias.

Egger’s test results for publication and selective reporting bias.</p

The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the observational study.

The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the observational study.</p

Relationship between neuronal injury and postoperative biomarkers.

(A) Brain damage occurs under the stimulation of surgery and anesthesia, injured neurons release the corresponding biomarkers into the CSF and blood through CSF-brain barrier, (B) blood-brain barrier, and (C) blood-CSF barrier. The increase of these biomarkers suggests the occurrence of POCD. NSE: neuron-specific enolase, Aβ: Amyloid beta, POCD: postoperative cognitive dysfunction, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid.</p

Forest plot of the randomized controlled trial on the association between neuronal injury biomarkers and POCD.

The plots show the correlation at 2 days (A) and 9 days (B) postoperatively.</p

PRISMA checklist.

Early biomarkers are needed to identify patients at risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Our objective was to determine neuronal injury-related biomarkers with predictive values for this condition. Six biomarkers (S100β, neuron-specific enolase [NSE], amyloid beta [Aβ], tau, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were evaluated. According to the first postoperative sampling time, observational studies showed that S100β was significantly higher in patients with POCD than in those without POCD (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 6.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.44−9.41). The randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed that S100β (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and NSE (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) in the POCD group were significantly higher than in the non-POCD group. The pooled data of observational studies by postoperative sampling time showed significantly higher levels of the following biomarkers in the POCD groups than in the control groups: S100β levels at 1 hour (SMD: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.07−2.64), 2 days (SMD: 27.97, 95% CI: 25.01−30.94), and 9 days (SMD: 6.41, 95% CI: 5.64−7.19); NSE levels at 1 hour (SMD: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.25−1.60), 6 hours (SMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.12−1.45), and 24 hours (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.38−1.29); and Aβ levels at 24 hours (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.54−3.06), 2 days (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.83−2.78), and 9 days (SMD: 2.76, 95% CI: 2.25−3.26). The pooled data of the RCT showed that the following biomarkers were significantly higher in POCD patients than in non-POCD patients: S100β levels at 2 days (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and 9 days (SMD: 126.37, 95% CI: 104.97−147.76) and NSE levels at 2 days (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) and 9 days (SMD: 8.53, 95% CI: 7.00−10.06). High postoperative levels of S100β, NSE, and Aβ may predict POCD. The relationship between these biomarkers and POCD may be affected by sampling time.</div

Flow diagram for literature selection.

Early biomarkers are needed to identify patients at risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Our objective was to determine neuronal injury-related biomarkers with predictive values for this condition. Six biomarkers (S100β, neuron-specific enolase [NSE], amyloid beta [Aβ], tau, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were evaluated. According to the first postoperative sampling time, observational studies showed that S100β was significantly higher in patients with POCD than in those without POCD (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 6.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.44−9.41). The randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed that S100β (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and NSE (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) in the POCD group were significantly higher than in the non-POCD group. The pooled data of observational studies by postoperative sampling time showed significantly higher levels of the following biomarkers in the POCD groups than in the control groups: S100β levels at 1 hour (SMD: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.07−2.64), 2 days (SMD: 27.97, 95% CI: 25.01−30.94), and 9 days (SMD: 6.41, 95% CI: 5.64−7.19); NSE levels at 1 hour (SMD: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.25−1.60), 6 hours (SMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.12−1.45), and 24 hours (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.38−1.29); and Aβ levels at 24 hours (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.54−3.06), 2 days (SMD: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.83−2.78), and 9 days (SMD: 2.76, 95% CI: 2.25−3.26). The pooled data of the RCT showed that the following biomarkers were significantly higher in POCD patients than in non-POCD patients: S100β levels at 2 days (SMD: 37.31, 95% CI: 30.97−43.64) and 9 days (SMD: 126.37, 95% CI: 104.97−147.76) and NSE levels at 2 days (SMD: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.71−4.28) and 9 days (SMD: 8.53, 95% CI: 7.00−10.06). High postoperative levels of S100β, NSE, and Aβ may predict POCD. The relationship between these biomarkers and POCD may be affected by sampling time.</div

Forest plot of observational studies on the association between neuronal injury biomarkers and POCD.

The plots show the correlation at 1 hour (A), 6 hours (B), 24 hours (C), 2 days (D), and 9 days (E) postoperatively.</p