Seguimiento online de la conductividad eléctrica del vino inducido por ultrasonido

We assessed the effects of ultrasonic frequency, power, temperature and exposure time on the electric conductivity (EC) of wine to evaluate the feasibility of the online EC monitoring as an indicator to reflect the changes of wine quality under the ultrasound irradiation. Results showed that the continuously monitored curve of EC was significantly different from the values recorded at the beginning and end of sonication. An abrupt rise and a rapid drop of wine EC were observed at the start and end points of sonication, respectively, in all working conditions. With regards to the assayed wine temperatures, the effect exerted by this parameter on EC before sonication was totally different from that observed when the samples were cooled down after ultrasound treatment. All in all, these results suggest that the online EC monitoring of wine may be used as an efficient indicator to control and reflect the real changes of wine under ultrasound treatment.Hemos estudiado los efectos de la frecuencia de ultrasonido, la potencia, la temperatura y el tiempo de exposición en la conductividad eléctrica (EC) del vino para evaluar la viabilidad del seguimiento EC online como indicador para reflejar los cambios en la calidad del vino bajo irradiación de ultrasonido. Los resultados mostraron que la curva de EC supervisada en continuo fue significativamente diferente de los valores registrados al principio y al final de la sonicación. Se observaron un aumento brusco y una rápida caída de EC del vino al principio y al final de la sonicación, respectivamente, para todas las condiciones estudiadas. En referencia a las temperaturas testadas del vino, el efecto ejercido por este parámetro en EC antes de la sonicación fue totalmente distinto de aquel observado cuando se enfriaron las muestras después del tratamiento de ultrasonido. En resumen, estos resultados sugieren que el seguimiento online de EC del vino podría ser utilizado como un indicador eficiente para controlar y reflejar los cambios reales en el vino con el uso de tratamiento de ultrasonido.National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31101324]Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China [grant number 2015JM3097]Technology Transfer Promotion Project of Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China [grant number CXY1434(5)]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [grant number GK201302039], [grant number GK201404006], [grant number GK201505128

A multichannel thiacalix[4]arene-based fluorescent chemosensor for Zn²⁺, F⁻ ions and imaging of living cells

The fluorescent sensor (3) based on the 1,3-alternate conformation of the thiacalix[4]arene bearing the coumarin fluorophore, appended via an imino group, has been synthesised. Sensing properties were evaluated in terms of a colorimetric and fluorescence sensor for Zn 2+ and F - . High selectivity and excellent sensitivity were exhibited, and off-on optical behaviour in different media was observed. All changes were visible to the naked eye, whilst the presence of the Zn 2+ and F - induces fluorescence enhancement and the formation of a 1:1 complex with 3. In addition, 3 exhibits low cytotoxicity and good cell permeability and can readily be employed for assessing the change of intracellular levels of Zn 2+ and F -

Finding out all locally indistinguishable sets of generalized Bell states

In general, for a bipartite quantum system $\mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{d}$ and an integer $k$ such that $4\leq k\le d$,there are few necessary and sufficient conditions for local discrimination of sets of $k$ generalized Bell states (GBSs) and it is difficult to locally distinguish $k$-GBS sets.The purpose of this paper is to completely solve the problem of local discrimination of GBS sets in some bipartite quantum systems.Firstly three practical and effective sufficient conditions are given,Fan$^{,}$s and Wang et al.$^{,}$s results [Phys Rev Lett 92, 177905 (2004); Phys Rev A 99, 022307 (2019)] can be deduced as special cases of these conditions.Secondly in $\mathbb{C}^{4}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{4}$, a necessary and sufficient condition for local discrimination of GBS sets is provided, and a list of all locally indistinguishable 4-GBS sets is provided,and then the problem of local discrimination of GBS sets is completely solved.In $\mathbb{C}^{5}\otimes\mathbb{C}^{5}$, a concise necessary and sufficient condition for one-way local discrimination of GBS sets is obtained,which gives an affirmative answer to the case $d=5$ of the problem proposed by Wang et al.Comment: 10 pages, 2 table

How to determine the local unitary equivalence of sets of generalized Bell states

Classification is a common method to study quantum entanglement, and local unitary equivalence (LU-equivalence) is an effective classification tool. The purpose of this work is to show how to determine the LU-equivalence of sets of generalized Bell states (GBSs) in an arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum system $\mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}$ ($d$ is an integer no less than 3). The idea is that, for a given GBS set $\mathcal{M}$, try to find all the GBS sets that are LU-equivalent to $\mathcal{M}$, then we can determine whether another GBS set is LU-equivalent to $\mathcal{M}$ by comparison. In order to accomplish this intention, we first reduce the LU-equivalence of two GBS sets to the unitary conjugate equivalence (UC-equivalence) of two generalized Pauli matrix (GPM) sets. Then we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for a 2-GPM set UC-equivalent to a special 2-GPM set $\{ X^{a}, Z^{b} \}$ ($a, b$ are nonnegative integers and factors of $d$). The general case, that is, the UC-equivalence of two general GPM sets, follows by the particular case. Moreover, these results are programmable, that is, we provide programs that can give all standard GPM sets that are UC-equivalent to a given GPM set, as well as programs that can determine all standard GPM sets that are unitary equivalent (U-equivalent) to a given GPM set, and then the U-equivalence of two arbitrary GPM sets (or LU-equivalence of two GBS sets) can be determined by comparison. To illustrate the role of the programs, we provide two examples, one showing that all 4-GBS sets (58905 items) in $\mathbb{C}^{6}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{6}$ can be divided into 31 LU-equivalence classes, and the other providing a complete LU-equivalent classification of all 4-GBS sets in $\mathbb{C}^{4}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{4}$.Comment: 17 pages, 16 table