Flow diagram of sample selection.

<p>Flow diagram of sample selection.</p

Kaplan Meier survival plots among MDD patients with stratified responses to antidepressants.

<p>DTT patients (red lines) did not differ from ITT (green lines) or ETT (blue lines) patients with respect to stroke (A) and HTN (B), but trended higher in developing hyperlipidemia (C) and had significantly more risks of developing DM (D) over time. Axis-X represents the time in years, and axis-Y the percentage survival. A log-rank test was used to compare the between-group survival distributions and a value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

Mediation analysis showing the development of major metabolic diseases as a mediator leading psychiatrist-diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD) to subsequent stroke incidences in 5015 Taiwan inhabitants, 2001–2009.

*<p><i>p</i><0.05, statistically significant.</p

Kaplan Meier survival plots for MDD and non-MDD subjects.

<p>Patients with MDD (blue lines) were more likely to suffer from stroke (A), HTN (B), hyperlipidemia (C), but not DM (D) over time than normal subjects (red lines). Axis-X represents the time in years, and axis-Y the percentage survival. A log-rank test was used to compare the between-group survival distributions and a value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

Demographic data, clinical variables and comorbidities of major metabolic diseases and stroke in depressed patients and normal controls.

<p>Note. ER, emergency room; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus.</p>a<p>Rankings of ER visits for affective problems: 2^nd in ETT, 1^st in ITT and 1^st in DTT.</p>b<p>ANOVA analysis, post-hoc (LSD): <b>^Φ</b>DTT > ETT, ^¶ DTT > ITT, <b>^§</b> ITT > ETT,<b>^¥</b>DTT < ETT,<b>^{<>\vskip -2pt\scale 60%\raster="rg2"<>}</b>DTT < ITT.</p>c<p>Chi-square test.</p>d<p>Independent <i>t</i>-test.</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.005,</p>†<p>p<0.10 (values in bold: p<0.05).</p

Temporal relationship between stroke and major metabolic diseases in 3 depression groups with stratified responses to antidepressants.

<p>Note. Data shown as N (%); HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus.</p>a<p>All = concurrent hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus.</p>b<p>Within-group analysis by chi-square.</p>c<p>Between-group analysis by fisher’s exact tests.</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.005.</p

Neural Network of Body Representation Differs between Transsexuals and Cissexuals

<div><p>Body image is the internal representation of an individual’s own physical appearance. Individuals with gender identity disorder (GID), commonly referred to as transsexuals (TXs), are unable to form a satisfactory body image due to the dissonance between their biological sex and gender identity. We reasoned that changes in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) network would neurologically reflect such experiential incongruence in TXs. Using graph theory-based network analysis, we investigated the regional changes of the degree centrality of the rsFC network. The degree centrality is an index of the functional importance of a node in a neural network. We hypothesized that three key regions of the body representation network, i.e., the primary somatosensory cortex, the superior parietal lobule and the insula, would show a higher degree centrality in TXs. Twenty-three pre-treatment TXs (11 male-to-female and 12 female-to-male TXs) as one psychosocial group and 23 age-matched healthy cissexual control subjects (CISs, 11 males and 12 females) were recruited. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and binarized rsFC networks were constructed. The TXs demonstrated a significantly higher degree centrality in the bilateral superior parietal lobule and the primary somatosensory cortex. In addition, the connectivity between the right insula and the bilateral primary somatosensory cortices was negatively correlated with the selfness rating of their desired genders. These data indicate that the key components of body representation manifest in TXs as critical function hubs in the rsFC network. The negative association may imply a coping mechanism that dissociates bodily emotion from body image. The changes in the functional connectome may serve as representational markers for the dysphoric bodily self of TXs.</p></div

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the TX and the CIS groups.

<p>Subjects who were in the period ranging from less than 11 days (follicular phase) or more than 17 days after the beginning of their last menses were included. Follow-up phone calls were made to verify the date of the beginning of the next menses. This selection criterion was used on the basis that sudden surges in LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) at mid-menstrual cycle could affect brain activation patterns.</p

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the TX group and the CON group.

<p>*Subjects who were in the period ranging from less than 11 days (follicular phase) or more than 17 days after the beginning of their last menses were included. Follow-up phone calls were made to verify the date of the beginning of the next menses. This selection criterion was used on the basis that sudden surges in LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) at mid-menstrual cycle could affect brain activation patterns.</p

Connectional pattern of the node of interests (NOIs).

<p>The nodes with stronger connections (i.e., group connectivity >10%) within each of the NOIs are displayed for the TX and the CIS groups. The nodal size and edge color denote the strength of the group connectivity between a node and the NOI. Stronger group connectivity indicates that a larger number of participants shared the same edge in their binary networks.</p