Oriented and Interlinked Porous Carbon Nanosheets with an Extraordinary Capacitive Performance

Highly porous carbon nanosheets that are oriented and interlinked are prepared by a one-step KOH activation of polymerized glucose spheres (pGSs) that are hydrothermally derived from glucose at 180 °C yet without carbonization. This is totally unexpected because a spherical microporous carbon is produced by a normally employed two-step process that includes a precarbonization and a successive KOH activation. In our one-step activation, the melt of potassium species directed the formation of oriented carbon nanosheets; the oxygen constituents in the pGSs are critical for the morphological evolution from sphere to sheet. The carbon nanosheets have a large surface area (2633 m² g^–1) and a high pore volume (1.86 cm³ g^–1). The oriented structure and hierarchical porosity impose advantages for mass transfer and ion accommodation and give rise to an ultrahigh rate performance (184 F g^–1 at 100 A g^–1) of the carbon nanosheets in supercapacitors in comparison with the case of microporous carbon spheres (56 F g^–1 at 100 A g^–1)

Phylogenetic analyses of the MERS-CoV S and N ORFs.

<p>Midpoint-rooted phylogenetic trees of the full-length nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) open-reading frames (ORFs) obtained from the clinical sample and published nucleotide sequences available from i) GenBank, ii) the Health Protection Agency (HPA) website (<a href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1317136246479" target="_blank">http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1317136246479</a>) and iii) the Institut Fr Virologie (IFV) website (<a href="http://www.virology-bonn.de/index.php?id=46" target="_blank">http://www.virology-bonn.de/index.php?id=46</a>). The estimated neighbor-joining trees were constructed from nucleotide alignments using MEGA version 6.06. Sequence names are derived from Genbank accession number|virus strain name|month-year of collection. Numbers in the parentheses denote additional human sequences identical to the listed sequence. An asterisk (*) denotes 2 additional identical N ORF sequences obtained from IFV, including strains MERS-CoV/Jeddah_2014_C8826 and MERS-CoV/Jeddah_2014_C9055. Two asterisks (**) denote 3 additional identical S ORF sequences obtained from IFV, including MERS-CoV/Jeddah_2014_C9055, MERS-CoV/Jeddah_2014_C7770 and MERS-CoV/Jeddah_2014_C7149. MERS-CoV sequences derived from camel specimens indicated by camel icon. Bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) 75% are plotted at the indicated internal branch nodes. Scale bars show the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Identification of diverse viruses in upper respiratory samples in dromedary camels from United Arab Emirates

<div><p>Camels are known carriers for many viral pathogens, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It is likely that there are additional, as yet unidentified viruses in camels with the potential to cause disease in humans. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing analysis on nasopharyngeal swab samples from 108 MERS-CoV-positive dromedary camels from a live animal market in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. We obtained a total of 846.72 million high-quality reads from these nasopharyngeal swab samples, of which 2.88 million (0.34%) were related to viral sequences while 512.63 million (60.5%) and 50.87 million (6%) matched bacterial and eukaryotic sequences, respectively. Among the viral reads, sequences related to mammalian viruses from 13 genera in 10 viral families were identified, including <i>Coronaviridae</i>, <i>Nairoviridae</i>, <i>Paramyxoviridae</i>, <i>Parvoviridae</i>, <i>Polyomaviridae</i>, <i>Papillomaviridae</i>, <i>Astroviridae</i>, <i>Picornaviridae</i>, <i>Poxviridae</i>, and <i>Genomoviridae</i>. Some viral sequences belong to known camel or human viruses and others are from potentially novel camel viruses with only limited sequence similarity to virus sequences in GenBank. A total of five potentially novel virus species or strains were identified. Co-infection of at least two recently identified camel coronaviruses was detected in 92.6% of the camels in the study. This study provides a comprehensive survey of viruses in the virome of upper respiratory samples in camels that have extensive contact with the human population.</p></div

Phylogenetic analysis of the camel paramyxoviruses.

<p>Phylogenetic relationships are shown using maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees based on 38 paramyxovirus reference sequences and (A) the representative camel PIV3 Abu Dhabi sequence (4575 nt in L gene), or (B) the camel PIV4 Abu Dhabi sequence (258 nt in L gene) from this study. Five genera in <i>Paramyxoviridae</i> are labeled accordingly. Camel virus sequences identified in this study are highlighted by solid circles. The scale bar indicates the estimated number of nt substitutions per site and the bootstrap values (≥80) are indicated.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of camel bocavirus 3 Abu Dhabi.

<p>Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was estimated based on a 1905 nt-long contig sequence from one representative camel bocavirus 3 Abu Dhabi sequence detected in this study and 38 previously published sequences in <i>Parvovirinae</i>. The eight genera in <i>Parvovirinae</i> are labeled accordingly. The two known camel bocaparvoviruses are indicated by arrows. The camel bocaparvovirus identified in this study is highlighted by a solid circle. The scale bar indicates the estimated number of nt substitutions per site and the bootstrap values (≥80) are indicated.</p

Prevalence of mammalian virus families identified in camels from a single live animal market in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

<p>The percentage of camels that were positive for each viral family is depicted by the bar graph.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the camel coronaviruses.

<p>Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was estimated using complete or near complete genomes from 42 previously published coronavirus sequences, one representative camel alpha-CoV Abu Dhabi full genome, and one representative camel CoV HKU23 Abu Dhabi genome (≥99.5% genome coverage) from this study. The four genera in <i>Coronavirinae</i> are labeled accordingly. Previously published camel alpha-CoV and camel CoV HKU23 as well as the human 229E and OC43 CoVs are indicated by arrows. Camel virus sequences identified in this study are highlighted by solid circles. The scale bar indicates the estimated number of nt substitutions per site and the bootstrap values (≥80) are indicated.</p

Mammalian viruses detected in camels from a single live animal market in the United Arab Emirates.

<p>Mammalian viruses detected in camels from a single live animal market in the United Arab Emirates.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of camel CCHFV Abu Dhabi.

<p>Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was estimated from the longest contig (531 nt in L segment) obtained and 25 previously published L segment sequences in the <i>Orthonairovirus</i> genus. The representative camel CCHFV virus sequence identified in this study is highlighted by a solid circle. The scale bar indicates the estimated number of nt substitutions per site and the bootstrap values (≥80) are indicated.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of camel polyomavirus Abu Dhabi.

<p>Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was estimated from the longest contiguous large T antigen coding sequence (384 nt) obtained and 53 previously published polyomavirus large T antigen sequences. The four genera in <i>Polyomaviridae</i> are labeled accordingly. The camel polyomavirus sequence identified in this study is highlighted by a solid circle. The scale bar indicates the estimated number of nt substitutions per site and the bootstrap values (≥80) are indicated.</p