Synthesis of Hindered Phenolic Esters over Ion-Exchange Resins

<div><p></p><p>The esterification of 3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid with 1-hexadecanol over a series of ion-exchange resins was investigated, in which resin D072 exhibited excellent catalytic performance. The influence of water on the reaction was also investigated, and it was found that water could improve the selectivity and increase the yield of the target product. Treatment of resins with aqueous sodium hydroxide could improve the selectivity of the target product but remarkably decreased the conversion of 3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. This result indicated that strong Brønsted acid sites played an important role in the reaction. Furthermore, D072 was efficiently recycled four runs by simple treatment with mineral acid. Finally, a series of hindered phenolic esters were successfully synthesized under the optimal reaction conditions. Therefore, a simple and versatile method for the synthesis of hindered phenolic esters has been established over ion-exchange resins and the target products were obtained in good yields.</p> </div

Additional file 1 of The evolution of ephemeral flora in Xinjiang, China: insights from plastid phylogenomic analyses of Brassicaceae

Additional file 1: Table S1. Name list of ephemeral species of Brassicaceae from Xinjiang, China. Table S2. Information of the collected samples. Species names, voucher numbers, SRA numbers, and GenBank ID are included. Table S3. The downloaded plastomes and their GenBank accession numbers. Table S4. Repeat analyses results. Number of dispersed repeats, SSRs, and tandem repeats of the 49 newly sequenced plastomes of Brassicaceae are shown. Table S5. The statistics of the relationship between plastome length, GC content, and repeat variables. Table S6. The origination times of the 24 ephemeral species from Brassicaceae. Median and 95% HPD ages from treePL and MCMCtree (run 1) analyses are shown. Table S7. Substitutions per site per year for each species of Brassicaceae. E, ephemeral; No, non-ephemeral

Insight into c‑di-GMP Regulation in Anammox Aggregation in Response to Alternating Feed Loadings

Substrate concentrations generally fluctuate in wastewaters. However, how anammox biomass behaves to overcome the stress of alternating feed loadings remains unclear. Here, we combined long-term reactor operation, batch tests, 16S rRNA transcript sequencing, and metabolomics analysis to investigate the aggregation of anammox biomass under the regulation of c-di-GMP, a key second messenger, in response to alternating feed loadings. We demonstrated that the aggregation process was significantly faster under alternating loadings and was significantly correlated with higher levels of c-di-GMP and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. The increase in c-di-GMP was positively correlated with a higher relative transcript expression level in the c-di-GMP pathway-dependent community. The targeted metabolomics results indicated that the increased production of fructose 6-phosphate and UDP-<i>N</i>-acetyl-d-glucosamine, the precursor substances for the synthesis of exopolysaccharides, was induced by higher levels of c-di-GMP. Consequently, the granulation process was accelerated via EPS production. Higher levels of intracellular hydrophobic amino acids were also positively correlated with increased extracellular protein levels, considering the significant increase in peptides under alternating loadings. On the basis of our findings, we believe that c-di-GMP regulation and EPS production of the anammox biomass are important mechanisms to enhance its tolerance against unfavorable feed stress. These results highlight the role of c-di-GMP in anammox biomass as it works to survive in unfavorable niches

Insight into c‑di-GMP Regulation in Anammox Aggregation in Response to Alternating Feed Loadings

Substrate concentrations generally fluctuate in wastewaters. However, how anammox biomass behaves to overcome the stress of alternating feed loadings remains unclear. Here, we combined long-term reactor operation, batch tests, 16S rRNA transcript sequencing, and metabolomics analysis to investigate the aggregation of anammox biomass under the regulation of c-di-GMP, a key second messenger, in response to alternating feed loadings. We demonstrated that the aggregation process was significantly faster under alternating loadings and was significantly correlated with higher levels of c-di-GMP and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. The increase in c-di-GMP was positively correlated with a higher relative transcript expression level in the c-di-GMP pathway-dependent community. The targeted metabolomics results indicated that the increased production of fructose 6-phosphate and UDP-<i>N</i>-acetyl-d-glucosamine, the precursor substances for the synthesis of exopolysaccharides, was induced by higher levels of c-di-GMP. Consequently, the granulation process was accelerated via EPS production. Higher levels of intracellular hydrophobic amino acids were also positively correlated with increased extracellular protein levels, considering the significant increase in peptides under alternating loadings. On the basis of our findings, we believe that c-di-GMP regulation and EPS production of the anammox biomass are important mechanisms to enhance its tolerance against unfavorable feed stress. These results highlight the role of c-di-GMP in anammox biomass as it works to survive in unfavorable niches

Shoot and root biomass of <i>S. alfredii</i> affected by zinc and <i>SaMR12</i> treatment.

<p>Bars plot mean ± SD of three replicate experiments. The different letters above the bars indicate significant differences among treatments at the <i>P</i><0.05 level.</p

Composition-Dependent Aspect Ratio and Photoconductivity of Ternary (Bi_<i>x</i>Sb_1–<i>x</i>)₂S₃ Nanorods

The chemical composition, size and shape, and surface engineering play key roles in the performance of electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. V₂VI₃ (V = Sb, Bi; VI = S, Se) group materials are actively studied in these fields. In this paper, we introduce a colloidal method to synthesize uniform ternary (Bi_<i>x</i>Sb_1–<i>x</i>)₂S₃ (0 < <i>x</i> < 1) nanorods. These nanorods show composition-dependent aspect ratios, enabling their composition, size, and shape control by varying Bi/Sb precursor ratios. It is found that the surface passivation by various thiols (L–SH) efficiently enhances the photoconductivity and optical responsive capability of (Bi_<i>x</i>Sb_1–<i>x</i>)₂S₃ nanorods when used as active materials in indium tin oxide (ITO)/(Bi_<i>x</i>Sb_1–<i>x</i>)₂S₃/ITO optoelectronic devices. Meanwhile, the increase of Sb content causes a gradual deterioration of photoconductivity of thiol-passivated nanorods. We propose that the thiol passivation is able to reduce the number of S vacancies, which act as the recombination centers (trapped states) for photogenerated electrons and holes, and thus boosts the carrier transport in (Bi_<i>x</i>Sb_1–<i>x</i>)₂S₃ nanorods, and in particular that the composition-related conductivity deterioration is attributed to the increase of unpassivated S vacancies and surface oxidation due to the rise of Sb content

RAP inhibits mTOR signaling in HCECs in a β-catenin/TCF transcription-independent manner in vitro.

<p>HCEC lines stably transformed with shAPC (HCEC/ptripzshAPC) or shScramble (HCEC/ptripzshSCR) were treated with Doxycycline (DXC) at 1 µg/ml to induce shRNA expression for 48 hr or untreated (-). The cells were then treated with RAP (0.001–1 µM) or vehicle (−) for 24 hr in the presence of Doxycycline under serum starving condition (0.2% serum). Total cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting for phospho-S6 and phospho-mTOR. β-actin protein levels served as loading control (A). Significant decrease in phospho-S6 and phospho-mTOR levels was observed in cells treated with RAP. Expression of selected β-catenin/TCF-regulated target genes <i>AXIN2</i>, <i>NKD1</i> and <i>IRS1</i> were analyzed in the same cells by real time PCR (B–D). The results represent the mean ± SEM; n = 5 for each treatment group. There were no statistical differences between groups.</p

H₂O₂ concentration as affected by <i>SaMR12</i> and the zinc treatment.

<p>Bars plot mean ± SD of three replicate experiments. Letters show significance as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106826#pone-0106826-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Root exudates affected by zinc and <i>SaMR12</i> inoculation.

<p>Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. ^*Significant at the <i>P</i><0.05 level, ^**Significant at the <i>P</i><0.01 level.</p><p>The different letters following the values in the same column indicate significant differences between the treatments at <i>P</i><0.05 (Duncan's test).</p><p>Root exudates affected by zinc and <i>SaMR12</i> inoculation.</p

A brief course of RAP treatment decreases markers of proliferation and increases markers of differentiation.

<p><i>CDX2P-CreER^T2 Apc^fl/fl</i> mice were injected with TAM and monitored until polyposis was seen endoscopically, then the mice were treated with vehicle or RAP at 3 mg/kg concentration for periods of one, three, or five days (N = 5 per timepoint). (A) and (B) Immunostaining of distal colons from these mice or Cre negative <i>Apc^fl/fl</i> mice for phospho-mTOR and phospho-S6. Both phospho-mTOR and phospho-S6 show increased expression in mouse polyps due to <i>Apc</i> inactivation, which is suppressed by 5 days of RAP treatment. (C) Immunostaining of BrdU showed increased incorporation of BrdU in mouse polyps and RAP partially reversed the effect. (D) Alcian blue staining shows loss of most of the differentiated goblet cells in mouse polyps and RAP restore the goblet cell differentiation. (E) Immunostaining shows increased Sox9 (a cell fate marker) expression in polyps and RAP decreased the number of cells expressing Sox9. (F) Immunostaining shows increased nuclear and cytoplastic expression of β-catenin in polyps and RAP treatment for 5 days decreased the expression. Scale bars = 100 µm. The inserts are at two times higher magnification than the original.</p