Additional file 1: of Procyanidins attenuate neuropathic pain by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9/2

Figure S1. PC significantly inhibited CCI-induced phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK and decreased p65 expression in nuclear in vivo. (A) Single administration of PC (90 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased the expression of p-JNK, p-p38, and p-ERK (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA) in the spinal cord of CCI mice. (B) Single administration of PC (90 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased the expression of p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA) in nuclear in vivo. (C) Single administration of PC (90 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased MDA level induced by CCI injury in the spinal cord. PC (90 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered at day 14 after CCI operation. The lumbar spines (L1–L6) were collected and analyzed 120 min after the last drug administration. Representative bands and a data summary (n = 4) was shown. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. CCI group; Bonferroni post hoc tests). (DOCX 262 kb

Additional file 1: of Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation

Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. (DOCX 198 kb