A “Backward” Bayesian Method for Determination of Criteria for Making Go/No-Go Decisions in the Early Phases

<p>We introduce a “backward” Bayesian method to assist sponsors formulating early phase Go/No-Go criteria based on the ultimate efficacy or safety target, which is usually clearer for Phase 3. Derived from the definition of success for Phase 3, involving prior information and cost of later phases, this work presents the quantitative relationships among the following factors: previous and current study results, study designs (e.g., sample size, duration, or dose), true effect, target probability of success (PoS), expected financial loss, expected probability of terminating a potentially successful asset. An example is given to demonstrate how to accomplish these objectives for an exponential model describing the trajectory of weight loss. The expected loss and the probability of terminating a valuable compound are plotted against a range of criteria. The sponsors can then optimize the Go/No-Go criteria based on their tolerance for their objectives. This method can also be generalized to other nonlinear models. A byproduct of this work is to highlight the naivety of conventional gut feeling approaches in early internal decision-making process by explicitly identifying the necessary, albeit elaborate, information, and assumptions. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.</p

Tunable Silver Nanocap Superlattice Arrays for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

We report on a convenient nanotechnique to fabricate large-area silver nanocap superlattice arrays templated by the base of porous anodic alumina membranes as robust and cost-efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate. The topography can be tuned to optimize the enhancement factor by adjusting anode voltages or the time of silver magnetron sputtering. Our technique is especially promising considering their easy fabrication and evenly distributed plasmonic fields to cm-dimensions featuring high average enhancement factor, thereby boding well for application in the sensing device

IGRF-RFE: A hybrid feature selection method for MLP-based network intrusion detection on UNSW-NB15 dataset

The effectiveness of machine learning models can be significantly averse to redundant and irrelevant features present in the large dataset which can cause drastic performance degradation. This paper proposes IGRF-RFE: a hybrid feature selection method tasked for multi-class network anomalies using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network. IGRF-RFE exploits the qualities of both a filter method for its speed and a wrapper method for its relevance search. In the first phase of our approach, we use a combination of two filter methods, information gain (IG) and random forest (RF) respectively, to reduce the feature subset search space. By combining these two filter methods, the influence of less important features but with the high-frequency values selected by IG is more effectively managed by RF resulting in more relevant features to be included in the feature subset search space. In the second phase of our approach, we use a machine learning-based wrapper method that provides a recursive feature elimination (RFE) to further reduce feature dimensions while taking into account the relevance of similar features. Our experimental results obtained based on the UNSW-NB15 dataset confirmed that our proposed method can improve the accuracy of anomaly detection as it can select more relevant features while reducing the feature space. The results show that the feature is reduced from 42 to 23 while the multi-classification accuracy of MLP is improved from 82.25% to 84.24%

Silver Nanovoid Arrays for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Highly ordered silver nanovoid arrays are fabricated on porous anodic alumina membranes to produce robust and cost-efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Plasmonic tunability can be accomplished by adjusting the topography with different anode voltages. Evenly distributed plasmonic fields, high average enhancement factor, and excellent ambient stability due to the natural protective layer are some of the unique advantages, and the silver nanovoid arrays are applicable to sensing devices

External Strain Enabled Post-Modification of Nanomembrane-Based Optical Microtube Cavities

Optical microtube cavities formed by self-rolling of pre-strained nanomembranes feature unique optical resonance properties for both fundamental and applied research. A post-fabrication treatment of the microcavities made of rolled-up nanomembranes is attractive in order to better manipulate and control the optical modes therein. Here, we report a new approach of modifying the resonant modes by applying external strain using a stretchable polymer substrate. The properties of both azimuthal and higher order axial modes are systematically investigated by varying external strain along the tube axial direction. The post-treatment process leads to a spectral redshift and improvement of quality factors, which is attributed to a modification of tube shape and interlayer compactness. For tubes with axial confinement, the measurements suggest that both the eigenenergies and mode spatial distributions of optical axial modes get significantly modified after applying the external strain. Our numerical calculation results show good agreement with the experimental results. This work reports a simple and robust strain-based modification scheme for manipulating the resonant mode energies, mode spacing, and mode field distributions

Exploring Rolled-up Au–Ag Bimetallic Microtubes for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor

A technique to design and fabricate Au–Ag bimetal microtubes for the investigation of curvature-dependent localized surface plasmon modes is demonstrated. Highly surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed that illustrates the distribution of localized surface plasmon modes leading to an enhanced electromagnetic field. A finite-difference time-domain method is also employed to simulate the electromagnetic field properties on the metal surface. The enhanced SERS performance of such noble bimetal microtubes could spur further interest in the integration of highly sensitive biosensors for rapid, nondestructive, and quantitative bioanalysis, particularly in microfluidics

<i>In Situ</i> Generation of Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Manipulating Photon–Plasmon Coupling in Microtube Cavities

<i>In situ</i> generation of silver nanoparticles for selective coupling between localized plasmonic resonances and whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) is investigated by spatially resolved laser dewetting on microtube cavities. The size and morphology of the silver nanoparticles are changed by adjusting the laser power and irradiation time, which in turn effectively tune the photon–plasmon coupling strength. Depending on the relative position of the plasmonic nanoparticles spot and resonant field distribution of WGMs, selective coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and WGMs is experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, by creating multiple plasmonic-nanoparticle spots on the microtube cavity, the field distribution of optical axial modes is freely tuned due to multicoupling between LSPRs and WGMs. The multicoupling mechanism is theoretically investigated by a modified quasipotential model based on perturbation theory. This work provides an <i>in situ</i> fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticles on three-dimensional microtube cavities for manipulating photon-plasmon coupling which is of interest for optical tuning abilities and enhanced light-matter interactions

Silver Nanocap Enabled Conversion and Tuning of Hybrid Photon–Plasmon Modes in Microtubular Cavities

Hybrid photon–plasmon modes are promising for the study of enhanced light–matter interactions due to the formation of a unique plasmon-type evanescent field. Here, we demonstrate the tunability of photon–plasmon coupling enabled by a metal nanocap on a microtubular cavity. An angle-dependent tuning of the photon–plasmon hybridization is revealed, where the dominant polarization is transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized at the middle-top of the nanocap and gradually converts to be transverse-electric (TE) polarized at the sidewall of the microtube cavity. The intensity ratio of strongly hybridized TM and TE modes is extremely sensitive to nanoperturbations at the metal nanocap, thus providing a novel scheme for surface sensing. Theoretical calculations show that the sensitive intensity ratio change originates from the distinct tuning effect on the TM- and TE-polarized hybrid modes, which is particularly significant in thin-walled microtubular cavities. Our work reports photon–plasmon modes tuned by a metal nanostructure, which are promising for the fundamental studies of enhanced light–matter interactions and relevant applications

Additional file 1: of Electroacupuncture at LI11 promotes jejunal motility via the parasympathetic pathway

Genetic background of gene knockout mice. (DOCX 195 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Expression levels of atherosclerosis-associated miR-143 and miR-145 in the plasma of patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia

Pearson’s correlation was used to explore the relationships between miR-143 with Hcy, TC and LDL-c. P < 0.05 or P < 0.001 was considered significant. (TIFF 79 kb