NIPD: A Federated Learning Person Detection Benchmark Based on Real-World Non-IID Data

Federated learning (FL), a privacy-preserving distributed machine learning, has been rapidly applied in wireless communication networks. FL enables Internet of Things (IoT) clients to obtain well-trained models while preventing privacy leakage. Person detection can be deployed on edge devices with limited computing power if combined with FL to process the video data directly at the edge. However, due to the different hardware and deployment scenarios of different cameras, the data collected by the camera present non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID), and the global model derived from FL aggregation is less effective. Meanwhile, existing research lacks public data set for real-world FL object detection, which is not conducive to studying the non-IID problem on IoT cameras. Therefore, we open source a non-IID IoT person detection (NIPD) data set, which is collected from five different cameras. To our knowledge, this is the first true device-based non-IID person detection data set. Based on this data set, we explain how to establish a FL experimental platform and provide a benchmark for non-IID person detection. NIPD is expected to promote the application of FL and the security of smart city.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, FL-IJCAI 23 conferenc

Hippocampal sparing in whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: controversy, technology and the future

Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of brain metastases (BMs), but cognitive decline after WBRT seriously affects patients’ quality of life. The development of cognitive dysfunction is closely related to hippocampal injury, but standardized criteria for predicting hippocampal injury and dose limits for hippocampal protection have not yet been developed. This review systematically reviews the clinical efficacy of hippocampal avoidance - WBRT (HA-WBRT), the controversy over dose limits, common methods and characteristics of hippocampal imaging and segmentation, differences in hippocampal protection by common radiotherapy (RT) techniques, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomic techniques for hippocampal protection. In the future, the application of new techniques and methods can improve the consistency of hippocampal dose limit determination and the prediction of the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in WBRT patients, avoiding the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in patients and thus benefiting more patients with BMs

AMS measurement of 53Mn and its initial application at CIAE

The determination of cosmogenic 53Mn in terrestrial archives has important applications, such as burial ages, exposure age and erosion rates. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the most sensitive technique to detect minute amounts of 53Mn. 53Mn measurements were developed at the China Institute of Atomic nergy (CIAE) using the DE-Q3D equipped AMS system. This approach was recently optimized with the goal to reach the sensitivity required for AMS measurements of 53Mn in deep-sea ferromanganese crust (DSFC) samples. Based on these improvements of sample preparation, current beam transmission and so on, 53Mn in two samples of DSFC was measured by AMS. The ratios of 53Mn/Mn corresponding to an age of 3.77 ± 0.42 and 13.73 ± 2.74 Ma by 129I dating method are (5.01 ± 2.15) 10 13 and (1.90 ± 0.96) 10 13. The ratios are close to the experimental reference values, deduced from the previous research. The experimental progress, performances and results are presented in this contribution.This work was mainly supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (NSFC), under Grant No. 11075221, and a partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10705054, 41073044 and 11265005

Sliding wear behavior of plasma sprayed Fe3Al–Al2O3 graded coatings

Fe3Al&ndash;Al2O3 double-layer coatings (DC), Fe3Al-Fe3Al/50%Al2O3&ndash;Al2O3 triple-layer coatings (TC) and Fe3Al-Al2O3 graded coatings (GC) were produced from a series of Fe3Al/Al2O3 composite powders with different compositions on low carbon steel substrate using PLAXAIR plasma spraying equipment. Friction behaviors and wear resistance of the three kinds of coatings have been investigated under different loads. Tests were carried out using an MRH-3 standard machine, in lineal contact sliding under dry condition against hardmetal, at a sliding velocity of about 1.57 ms&minus;1. Wear rates under different loads were measured and the friction coefficients were recorded. SEM analysis was carried out to identify the wear mechanisms. The results show that the GC has higher wear-resistance than DC and TC. The tribological characteristics of graded coating were different along the depth of the coatings, and the surface of coatings with pure Al2O3 does not show the best wear resistance. The wear rate and friction coefficients were also different under different loads. The failure types of plasma-sprayed Fe3Al-Al2O3 graded coatings in lineal contact were: loosening of ceramic particles, crack nucleation and propagation, brittle fracture, plastic deformation, and adhesive wear.<br /

Effects of ECAP and Annealing Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-1Y (wt. %) Binary Alloy

Microstructure and mechanical properties development of extruded Mg-1Y (wt. %) binary alloy during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) with route Bc at 400 °C, and subsequent annealing treatment between 300–400 °C at different holding time of 5–120 min were investigated using an optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), tensile test, and hardness test. The grain size of as-extruded material (~10.9 μm) was refined significantly by 1-pass ECAP (~5.8 μm), and resulted in a remarkably enhanced elongation to failure (EL) (~+62%) with a slightly decreased ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (~−3%) comparing to the as-extruded condition (EL = 11.3%, UTS = 200 MPa). The EL was further increased to 27.3% (~+142%) after four passes of ECAP comparing to the as-extruded condition, which was mainly caused by the much more homogenized microstructure. The split basal poles with about 60° rotations to the extruded direction (ED), the relatively coarsened grain size by static recrystallization (SRX) and post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) after four passes of ECAP might be responsible for the decreased strength with increasing ECAP pass. During the annealing treatment, recovery dominantly occurred at 300 °C, SRX and grain growth emerged at 350 °C and 400 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the grain grew and hardness decreased rapidly even within 5 min for 1-pass ECAPed material at 400 °C, indicating a larger grain boundary mobility of ECAPed materials induced by higher deformation energy than the as-extruded ones

A Hybrid Residential Short-Term Load Forecasting Method Using Attention Mechanism and Deep Learning

Development in economics and social society has led to rapid growth in electricity demand. Accurate residential electricity load forecasting is helpful for the transformation of residential energy consumption structure and can also curb global climate warming. This paper proposes a hybrid residential short-term load forecasting framework (DCNN-LSTM-AE-AM) based on deep learning, which combines dilated convolutional neural network (DCNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), autoencoder (AE), and attention mechanism (AM) to improve the prediction results. First, we design a T-nearest neighbors (TNN) algorithm to preprocess the original data. Further, a DCNN is introduced to extract the long-term feature. Secondly, we combine the LSTM with the AE (LSTM-AE) to learn the sequence features hidden in the extracted features and decode them into output features. Finally, the AM is further introduced to extract and fuse the high-level stage features to achieve the prediction results. Experiments on two real-world datasets show that the proposed method is good at capturing the oscillation characteristics of low-load data and outperforms other methods

Growth Response of Tartary Buckwheat to Plastic Mulching and Fertilization on Semiarid Land

Integrated hole-sowing, fertilization, and plastic mulching techniques are common agronomic practices applied to collect rainwater and to improve rainwater utilization in semiarid rain-fed regions. However, little is known about the growth responses of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L.) to the practices adopted in semiarid areas of Loess Plateau in Northwest China. To address the concerns, a long-term field experiment was conducted in 2015–2017. Four fertilization levels, namely, high fertilization level (N–P2O5–K2O: 120–90–60 kg ha−1, HF), moderate fertilization level (80–60–40 kg ha−1, MF), low fertilization level (40–30–20 kg ha−1, LF), and zero fertilization level (ZF), were applied to hole-sown tartary buckwheat with whole plastic mulching, in comparison to the control with no-mulching and zero fertilization (CK). Several key growth-influencing indicators were measured in the consecutive experimental years, including soil temperature (Ts), soil water storage (SWS), leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM), and grain yield. The results showed that in different precipitation years, 2015 (193 ± 23 mm), 2016 (149 ± 19 mm), and 2017 (243 ± 28 mm), the ZF, LF, MF, and HF treatments had the potential to optimize Ts in 0~25 cm soil layers (at 5 cm interval). The four treatments improved SWS in 0~300 cm soil layers by 3.5% and increased soil water consumption in the pre-anthesis period by 22.4%, compared with CK. Moreover, the four treatments shortened the pre-anthesis growth period by 0.4~5.4 d, while extended the post-anthesis growth period by 5.7~10.0 d, giving rise to an overall extension of 0.6~5.0 d for a whole growth period of tartary buckwheat. Furthermore, the ZF, LF, MF, and HF treatments increased LAI by 4.4~225.3% and DM weight by 41.5~238.0%. The rain yield of the four treatments was increased by 14.0~130.4%, and water use efficiency (WUE) was improved by 11.3~102.7%, especially for the LF treatment, compared with CK. The study indicated that the technique of hole-sowing and plastic mulching combined with a low fertilization rate was an effective measure for tartary buckwheat to optimize crop growth and to boost grain yield and WUE on semiarid lands

Stabilizing Interface pH by Mixing Electrolytes for High-Performance Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries

Aqueous zinc metal batteries with mild acidic electrolytes are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the Zn anode suffers from severe Zn dendrite growth and side reactions due to the unstable interfacial pH and the absence of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) protective layer. Herein, a novel and simple mixed electrolyte strategy is proposed to address these problems. The mixed electrolytes of 2 M ZnSO4 and 2 M Zn (CF3SO3)(2) can efficiently buffer the interfacial pH and induce the in situ formation of the organic-inorganic SEI layer, which eliminates dendrite growth and prevents side reactions. As a result, Zn anodes in mixed electrolyte exhibit a lifespan enhancement over 400 times, endure stable cycling over 270 h at a high DOD of 62% and achieve high Zn plating/stripping reversibility with an average CE of 99.5% for 1000 cycles at 1 mA cm(-2). The findings pave the way for developing practical electrolyte systems for Zn batteries