Size distribution of the unigenes and CDS.

<p>The blue and red bars indicate unigene and CDS, respectively.</p

SNP statistical information based on mapping <i>C. frutescens</i> reads in reference to <i>C. annuum</i> contigs.

<p>SNP statistical information based on mapping <i>C. frutescens</i> reads in reference to <i>C. annuum</i> contigs.</p

Identity new transcripts (genes) on the capsaicinoids biosynthetic pathway.

<p>Identity new transcripts (genes) on the capsaicinoids biosynthetic pathway.</p

Comparison of <i>de novo</i> assembly using Trinity and Velvet-oases programs.

*<p>Represents the number of contigs that at less 200 bp in length.</p>#<p>represents the result of TIGCL and Phrap for reduce the redundancy after Trinity with 25-mer assembly.</p

<em>De Novo</em> Transcriptome Assembly in Chili Pepper (<em>Capsicum frutescens</em>) to Identify Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Capsaicinoids

<div><p>The capsaicinoids are a group of compounds produced by chili pepper fruits and are used widely in many fields, especially in medical purposes. The capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway has not yet been established clearly. To understand more knowledge in biosynthesis of capsaicinoids, we applied RNA-seq for the mixture of placenta and pericarp of pungent pepper (<em>Capsicum frutescens</em> L.). We have assessed the effect of various assembly parameters using different assembly software, and obtained one of the best strategies for <em>de novo</em> assembly of transcriptome data. We obtained a total 54,045 high-quality unigenes (transcripts) using Trinity software. About 92.65% of unigenes showed similarity to the public protein sequences, genome of potato and tomato and pepper (<em>C. annuum</em>) ESTs databases. Our results predicted 3 new structural genes (DHAD, TD, PAT), which filled gaps of the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway predicted by Mazourek, and revealed new candidate genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis based on KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis. A significant number of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers were predicted in <em>C. frutescens</em> and <em>C. annuum</em> sequences, which will be helpful in the identification of polymorphisms within chili pepper populations. These data will provide new insights to the pathway of capsaicinoid biosynthesis and subsequent research of chili peppers. In addition, our strategy of <em>de novo</em> transcriptome assembly is applicable to a wide range of similar studies.</p> </div

The results of annotation on unigenes by different databases.

<p>Note:</p>1<p>presents the unigenes annotated by whole protein sequences using blastx,</p>2<p>presents the unigenes annotated by whole genome using blat.</p

The number of SSR in all unigenes and CDS.

<p>The blue bar represents SSR markers in all unigenes, and the red bar represents SSR markers in CDS.</p

Illustrated the partly distribution (ratio of alignment/short no less than 0.8) of homologous length and aligned length.

<p>The X axis represents the ratio is length of pepper EST/unigene length, the Y axis is represents the ratio of alignment length/shorter between pepper EST and unigene.</p

Copper- or Nickel-Enabled Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Unreactive C(sp³)–H Bonds with Azole C(sp²)–H Bonds: Rapid Access to β‑Azolyl Propanoic Acid Derivatives

β-Azolyl propanoic acid derivatives are frequently found in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. Here, we report the oxidative heteroarylation of unactivated C­(sp³)–H bonds with azole C­(sp²)–H bonds via copper or nickel catalysis with the aid of removable bidentate auxiliary, which provides a rapid pathway to β-azolyl propanoic acid derivatives. A variety of azoles such as oxazole, benzoxazole, thiazole, benzothiazoles, benzimidazole, purine, and even [1,2,4]­triazolo­[1,5-<i>a</i>]­pyrimidine could be engaged in this protocol

Parasite infectivity (per mosquito) following Ad-MVA Pfs25 immunization.

<p>BALB/c mice were immunized with Ad-MVA Pfs25 (red) as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029428#pone-0029428-g001" target="_blank">figure 1a</a> or Ad-MVA GFP (blue) a GFP-encoding control. Mice were divided into two groups and infected with (<i>A</i>) Pfs25DR3 (10 per group) or (<i>B</i>) wild-type <i>P. berghei</i> (5 per group) and used to assess transmission to mosquitoes. Mosquito midguts were examined 12 days post-feeding. Data points represent mosquitoes that fed on individual mice. X-axis points represent individual mice. Horizontal lines indicate the mean number of oocysts for each mouse (+/− sem).</p