Advances in the management of radiation-induced cystitis in patients with pelvic malignancies

Radiotherapy plays a vital role as a treatment for malignant pelvic tumors, in which the bladder represents a significant organ at risk involved during tumor radiotherapy. Exposing the bladder wall to high doses of ionizing radiation is unavoidable and will lead to radiation cystitis (RC) because of its central position in the pelvic cavity. Radiation cystitis will result in several complications (e.g. frequent micturition, urgent urination, and nocturia) that can significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life and in very severe cases become life-threatening. Existing studies on the pathophysiology, prevention, and management of radiation-induced cystitis from January 1990 to December 2021 were reviewed. PubMed was used as the main search engine. Besides the reviewed studies, citations to those studies were also included. In this review, the symptoms of radiation cystitis and the mainstream grading scales employed in clinical situations are presented. Next, preclinical and clinical research on preventing and treating radiation cystitis are summarized, and an overview of currently available prevention and treatment strategies as guidelines for clinicians is provided. Treatment options involve symptomatic treatment, vascular interventional therapy, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), bladder irrigation, and electrocoagulation. Prevention includes filling up the bladder to remove it from the radiation field and delivering radiation based on helical tomotherapy and CT-guided 3D intracavitary brachytherapy techniques.</p

Ab Initio Deconstruction of the Vibrational Relaxation Pathways of Dilute HOD in Ice Ih

Coupled intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational quantum dynamics, using an ab initio potential energy surface, successfully describes the subpicosecond relaxation of the OD and OH stretch fundamental and first overtone of dilute HOD in ice Ih. The calculations indicate that more than one intermolecular mode along with the three intramolecular modes is needed to describe the relaxation, in contrast to a recent study using a phenomenological potential in just two degrees of freedom. Detailed time-dependent relaxation pathways from 6-mode calculations are also given

The Water Hexamer: Cage, Prism, or Both. Full Dimensional Quantum Simulations Say Both

State-of-the-art quantum simulations on a full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface are used to characterize the properties of the water hexamer. The relative populations of the different isomers are determined over a wide range of temperatures. While the prism isomer is identified as the global minimum-energy structure, the quantum simulations, which explicitly include zero-point energy and quantum thermal motion, predict that both the cage and prism isomers are present at low temperature down to almost 0 K. This is largely consistent with the available experimental data and, in particular, with very recent measurements of broadband rotational spectra of the water hexamer recorded in supersonic expansions

Do H₅⁺ and Its Isotopologues Have Rotational Spectra?

High-level ab initio calculations predict a <i>C</i>_2<i>v</i> equilibrium geometry and large permanent dipole for H₅⁺, whereas rigorous Diffusion Monte Carlo calculations on a global potential surface show a completely symmetric zero-point averaged <i>D</i>_2<i>d</i> structure for H₅⁺, HD₄⁺, and D₅⁺, resulting in no permanent dipole moment. This dramatic departure from the conventional molecular structure is due to the highly fluxional nature of this cation. For the isotopologues H₄D⁺, H₃D₂⁺, and H₂D₃⁺, we predict nonzero dipole moments in the ground vibrational state and present corresponding simulated rotational spectra up to 3 THz. These predictions can guide the laboratory studies necessary for observational searches

Table2_Placental stem cells-derived exosomes stimulate cutaneous wound regeneration via engrailed-1 inhibition.DOCX

Introduction: Skin wounds generally heal by scarring, a fibrotic process mediated by the Engrailed-1 (EN1) fibroblast lineage. Scar is detrimental to tissue structure and function, but perfect healing in clinical settings remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation can reduce scarringMethods: Here, we investigated the effects of placental MSCs (pMSCs) and exosomes derived from pMSCs (pMSC-exos) on wound healing using a full-thickness rat model.Results: The results showed that placental MSCs significantly accelerated the wound healing rate. Moreover, placental MSCs improved the quality of wound healing, including regenerating cutaneous appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands), decreasing collagen I and increasing collagen III, and improving collagen pattern (basket-wave-like) in the healed skin. placental MSCs treatment also increased the regeneration of blood vessels. Importantly, all these listed effects of placental MSCs were comparable to those of exosomes derived from pMSCs, but significantly stronger than those of adipose MSC-derived exosomes (aMSC-exos). Further studies showed that the effects of placental MSCs and exosomes derived from pMSCs on wound regeneration may be mainly achieved via the down-regulation of the Yes-associated protein signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the activation of EN1. Discussion: In summary, placental MSCs could effectively stimulate wound regeneration, and their effect could be achieved through their exosomes. This suggests that exosomes derived from pMSCs treatment could be used as a novel cell-free approach to induce wound regeneration in clinical settings.</p

DataSheet1_Placental stem cells-derived exosomes stimulate cutaneous wound regeneration via engrailed-1 inhibition.PDF

Introduction: Skin wounds generally heal by scarring, a fibrotic process mediated by the Engrailed-1 (EN1) fibroblast lineage. Scar is detrimental to tissue structure and function, but perfect healing in clinical settings remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation can reduce scarringMethods: Here, we investigated the effects of placental MSCs (pMSCs) and exosomes derived from pMSCs (pMSC-exos) on wound healing using a full-thickness rat model.Results: The results showed that placental MSCs significantly accelerated the wound healing rate. Moreover, placental MSCs improved the quality of wound healing, including regenerating cutaneous appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands), decreasing collagen I and increasing collagen III, and improving collagen pattern (basket-wave-like) in the healed skin. placental MSCs treatment also increased the regeneration of blood vessels. Importantly, all these listed effects of placental MSCs were comparable to those of exosomes derived from pMSCs, but significantly stronger than those of adipose MSC-derived exosomes (aMSC-exos). Further studies showed that the effects of placental MSCs and exosomes derived from pMSCs on wound regeneration may be mainly achieved via the down-regulation of the Yes-associated protein signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the activation of EN1. Discussion: In summary, placental MSCs could effectively stimulate wound regeneration, and their effect could be achieved through their exosomes. This suggests that exosomes derived from pMSCs treatment could be used as a novel cell-free approach to induce wound regeneration in clinical settings.</p

Table1_Placental stem cells-derived exosomes stimulate cutaneous wound regeneration via engrailed-1 inhibition.XLSX

Introduction: Skin wounds generally heal by scarring, a fibrotic process mediated by the Engrailed-1 (EN1) fibroblast lineage. Scar is detrimental to tissue structure and function, but perfect healing in clinical settings remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation can reduce scarringMethods: Here, we investigated the effects of placental MSCs (pMSCs) and exosomes derived from pMSCs (pMSC-exos) on wound healing using a full-thickness rat model.Results: The results showed that placental MSCs significantly accelerated the wound healing rate. Moreover, placental MSCs improved the quality of wound healing, including regenerating cutaneous appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands), decreasing collagen I and increasing collagen III, and improving collagen pattern (basket-wave-like) in the healed skin. placental MSCs treatment also increased the regeneration of blood vessels. Importantly, all these listed effects of placental MSCs were comparable to those of exosomes derived from pMSCs, but significantly stronger than those of adipose MSC-derived exosomes (aMSC-exos). Further studies showed that the effects of placental MSCs and exosomes derived from pMSCs on wound regeneration may be mainly achieved via the down-regulation of the Yes-associated protein signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the activation of EN1. Discussion: In summary, placental MSCs could effectively stimulate wound regeneration, and their effect could be achieved through their exosomes. This suggests that exosomes derived from pMSCs treatment could be used as a novel cell-free approach to induce wound regeneration in clinical settings.</p

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Dissociation Energy (<i>D</i>₀) and Dynamics of the Water Trimer, (H₂O)₃

We report a joint experimental-theoretical study of the predissociation dynamics of the water trimer following excitation of the hydrogen bonded OH-stretch fundamental. The bond dissociation energy (<i>D</i>₀) for the (H₂O)₃ → H₂O + (H₂O)₂ dissociation channel is determined from fitting the speed distributions of selected rovibrational states of the water monomer fragment using velocity map imaging. The experimental value, <i>D</i>₀ = 2650 ± 150 cm^–1, is in good agreement with the previously determined theoretical value, 2726 ± 30 cm^–1, obtained using an ab initio full-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) together with Diffusion Monte Carlo calculations [Wang; Bowman. J. Chem. Phys. 2011, 135, 131101]. Comparing this value to <i>D</i>₀ of the dimer places the contribution of nonpairwise additivity to the hydrogen bonding at 450–500 cm^–1. Quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations using this PES help elucidate the reaction mechanism. The trajectories show that most often one hydrogen bond breaks first, followed by breaking and re-forming of hydrogen bonds (often with different hydrogen bonds breaking) until, after many picoseconds, a water monomer is finally released. The translational energy distributions calculated by QCT for selected rotational levels of the monomer fragment agree with the experimental observations. The product translational and rotational energy distributions calculated by QCT also agree with statistical predictions. The availability of low-lying intermolecular vibrational levels in the dimer fragment is likely to facilitate energy transfer before dissociation occurs, leading to statistical-like product state distributions

Additional file 1 of Comparison between immunotherapy efficacy in early non-small cell lung cancer and advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A selection flowchart for the searched articles. Fig. S2. Forest plots presenting pooled ORR risk ratio analysis in early-stage lung cancer for the cohort of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Fig. S3. Forest plots presenting pooled ORR risk ratio analysis in advanced lung cancer for the cohort of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Fig. S4. Forest plots presenting pooled DCR risk ratio analysis in advanced lung cancer for the cohort of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy

Copper-Catalyzed Imidovinylation of Alkynes via 1,3-Vinyl Migration

The first copper-catalyzed imidovinylation of alkynes has been developed, which grants facile access to various (<i>E</i>)-2-imido-2,4-dienals with high stereoselectivity under mild conditions. This transformation also represents the first 1,3-carbon migration of propargylic alcohols and their derivatives