TinySAM: Pushing the Envelope for Efficient Segment Anything Model

Recently segment anything model (SAM) has shown powerful segmentation capability and has drawn great attention in computer vision fields. Massive following works have developed various applications based on the pretrained SAM and achieved impressive performance on downstream vision tasks. However, SAM consists of heavy architectures and requires massive computational capacity, which hinders the further application of SAM on computation constrained edge devices. To this end, in this paper we propose a framework to obtain a tiny segment anything model (TinySAM) while maintaining the strong zero-shot performance. We first propose a full-stage knowledge distillation method with hard prompt sampling and hard mask weighting strategy to distill a lightweight student model. We also adapt the post-training quantization to the promptable segmentation task and further reduce the computational cost. Moreover, a hierarchical segmenting everything strategy is proposed to accelerate the everything inference by $2\times$ with almost no performance degradation. With all these proposed methods, our TinySAM leads to orders of magnitude computational reduction and pushes the envelope for efficient segment anything task. Extensive experiments on various zero-shot transfer tasks demonstrate the significantly advantageous performance of our TinySAM against counterpart methods. Pre-trained models and codes are available at https://github.com/xinghaochen/TinySAM and https://gitee.com/mindspore/models/tree/master/research/cv/TinySAM

Clinical feasibility evaluation of a digital workflow of prosthetically oriented onlay bone grafting for horizontal alveolar augmentation: a prospective pilot study

Abstract Background Onlay bone grafting is considered highly reliable for reconstructing severe horizontal bone defects. A critical problem is how to achieve precise position of the bone block to control alveolar ridge dimensions. This research aims to establish a digital workflow for prosthetically oriented onlay bone grafting and evaluate its accuracy and efficiency. Methods This prospective pilot study investigated eight patients who required implant restoration in the esthetic area with horizontal alveolar bone defects. The workflow includes preoperative virtual planning, design and manufacture of patient-specific templates, bone grafting surgery, and implant insertion. Primary outcomes were graft accuracy, defined by root mean square estimate (RMSE) values between preoperatively designed and actual implanted outer contours of bone blocks. Secondary outcomes were bone graft and implant success rates. Besides, the surgeons used the visual analog scale (VAS) to rate the intuitiveness, ease of understanding, and helpfulness of the workflow. Results No bone grafts or implants failed in any of the eight patients, resulting in a 100% success rate. The RMSE values between the preoperative design and the implanted outer contour of bone blocks were 0.41 ± 0.15 mm. The digital approach showed advantages in intuitiveness (9.3 ± 0.5), understanding (9.0 ± 0.5), and helpfulness (8.4 ± 1.1) according to surgeons' VAS scores. Conclusions A digital workflow provided encouraging results, in terms of accuracy and efficacy, for horizontal bone augmentation. Trial registration This study was registered in the National Clinical Trials Registry in 16/02/2023 under the identification number ChiCTR2300068361

Magnetotelluric Evidence for Lithospheric Alteration Beneath the Wuyi‐Yunkai Orogen: Implications for Thermal Structure of South China

Abstract The Wuyi‐Yunkai Orogen experienced a polyphase tectonomagmatism and is a key region for deciphering the alteration and thermal structure of the South China Block lithosphere. Herein, an electrical resistivity model of the lithosphere is presented via the three‐dimensional inversion of broadband (0.003–3600 s) magnetotelluric (MT) data collected along a 380‐km‐long profile comprising 62 MT sites across the Wuyi‐Yunkai Orogen, and the robustness of this model is critically evaluated through a series of sensitivity tests. The resistivity model reveals that the upper crust of the Cathaysia Block and the Wuyi‐Yunkai Orogen is dominated by high‐resistivity sedimentary cover interposed with low‐resistivity features, mainly along fault zones. High‐resistivity bodies and strong conductors in the upper crust are interpreted as magmatic rocks and tectonic mélanges, respectively. Another feature of this resistivity model is the presence of zones featuring enhanced electrical conductivity (<30 Ωm) extending from the lower crust to the upper mantle beneath the Wuyi‐Yunkai Orogen. The conductors in the lower crust are attributed to saline fluids from either the dehydration of the subducting Paleo‐Pacific slab or the regional metamorphism‐induced dehydration of sandy argillaceous rocks. In contrast, the conductors in the upper mantle are attributed to 4%–7% partial melt, which corresponds to the analyses of mantle xenoliths in South China. These conductors in the upper crust and upper mantle supply volatiles and heat to shallow geothermal systems. This work ultimately shows that the lithospheric thinning of South China is controlled mainly by mantle upwelling caused by the retreat of the subducting Paleo‐Pacific slab

Protein deubiquitinase USP7 is required for osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells

Abstract Background Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with self-renewal capabilities and multilineage differentiation potential, including osteogenesis. Although protein deubiquitinases have been linked to stem cell fate determination, whether protein deubiquitination contributes to lineage commitment during osteogenic differentiation of hASCs remains to be investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) on osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Methods An osteocalcin promoter driven luciferase reporter system was established to initially discover the potential association between USP7 and hASC osteogenesis. To further characterize the function of USP7 in osteogenic differentiation of hASCs, a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out through genetic depletion or overexpression of USP7 using a lentiviral strategy. Moreover, HBX 41,108, a cyanoindenopyrazine-derived deubiquitinase inhibitor of USP7, was utilized at different doses to further examine whether USP7 regulated osteogenic differentiation of hASCs through its enzymatic activity. Results We demonstrated that USP7 depletion was associated with remarkable downregulation of the reporter gene activity. Genetic depletion of USP7 by lentiviral RNAi markedly suppressed hASC osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, while overexpression of USP7 enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Notably, chemical blockade via the small molecular inhibitor HBX 41,108 could efficiently mimic the effects of USP7 genetic depletion in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Taken together, our study revealed that protein deubiquitinase USP7 is an essential player in osteogenic differentiation of hASCs through its catalytic activity, and supported the pursuit of USP7 as a potential target for modulation of hASC-based stem cell therapy and bone tissue engineering

DnsID in MyCompoundID for Rapid Identification of Dansylated Amine- and Phenol-Containing Metabolites in LC–MS-Based Metabolomics

High-performance chemical isotope labeling (CIL) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an enabling technology based on rational design of labeling reagents to target a class of metabolites sharing the same functional group (e.g., all the amine-containing metabolites or the amine submetabolome) to provide concomitant improvements in metabolite separation, detection, and quantification. However, identification of labeled metabolites remains to be an analytical challenge. In this work, we describe a library of labeled standards and a search method for metabolite identification in CIL LC–MS. The current library consists of 273 unique metabolites, mainly amines and phenols that are individually labeled by dansylation (Dns). Some of them produced more than one Dns-derivative (isomers or multiple labeled products), resulting in a total of 315 dansyl compounds in the library. These metabolites cover 42 metabolic pathways, allowing the possibility of probing their changes in metabolomics studies. Each labeled metabolite contains three searchable parameters: molecular ion mass, MS/MS spectrum, and retention time (RT). To overcome RT variations caused by experimental conditions used, we have developed a calibration method to normalize RTs of labeled metabolites using a mixture of RT calibrants. A search program, DnsID, has been developed in www.MyCompoundID.org for automated identification of dansyl labeled metabolites in a sample based on matching one or more of the three parameters with those of the library standards. Using human urine as an example, we illustrate the workflow and analytical performance of this method for metabolite identification. This freely accessible resource is expandable by adding more amine and phenol standards in the future. In addition, the same strategy should be applicable for developing other labeled standards libraries to cover different classes of metabolites for comprehensive metabolomics using CIL LC–MS

High efficiency broadband near-infrared absorbers based on tunable SiO2-VO2-MoS2 multilayer metamaterials

This paper proposes a novel model for an high-efficiency tunable broadband near-infrared absorber. The proposed absorber consists of an Al bottom mirror, SiO2-VO2 hybrid spacing layer, and certain MoS2 top nanostructures. Owing to the thermal tunability of the refractive index of VO2 materials, the near field coupling resonance in the multilayer metamaterials can be tuned by regulating the temperature, and henceforth, the efficiency of the absorber and the absorption band are also tunable. MoS2 has an excellent thermal-stability in the near-infrared range, which can nullify the influence of the temperature regulation of VO2. The results from our study demonstrated that the absorber achieved an average absorbance of 86.5% at 75 °C for a broadband range of 800–2350 nm. At 25 °C, the absorber attained an average absorbance of 96.6% for the wavelength range of 800–1160 nm, and a narrow-band absorption peak around 1489 nm. The absorber we have studied, which was based on tunable metasurfaces, displays tremendous potential for the applications such as camouflage coatings, solar energy, information sensing, and atmospheric environment monitoring

Comparative Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Staphylococcus warneri SG1 Cultured in the Presence and Absence of Butanol

The complete genome of the solvent tolerant Staphylococcus warneri SG1 was recently published. This Gram-positive bacterium is tolerant to a large spectrum of organic solvents including short-chain alcohols, alkanes, esters and cyclic aromatic compounds. In this study, we applied a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) mass spectrometry (MS) shotgun approach, in combination with quantitative 2-MEGA (dimethylation after guanidination) isotopic labeling, to compare the proteomes of SG1 grown under butanol-free and butanol-challenged conditions. In total, 1585 unique proteins (representing 65% of the predicted open reading frames) were identified, covering all major metabolic pathways. Of the 967 quantifiable proteins by 2-MEGA labeling, 260 were differentially expressed by at least 1.5-fold. These proteins are involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, lipid and cell envelope biogenesis, or have chaperone functions. We also applied differential isotope labeling LC-MS to probe metabolite changes in key metabolic pathways upon butanol stress. This is the first comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic study of S. warneri SG1 and presents an important step toward understanding its physiology and mechanism of solvent tolerance

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Protein deubiquitinase USP7 is required for osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells

Western blotting analysis of USP7 expression in hASCs stably expressing FLAG tagged USP7/wild-type (WT) with antibodies against the indicated proteins. (PDF 12 kb