イネ花序構造におけるAPO1とAPO2遺伝子の制御機構

要約のみTohoku University経塚淳子課

Screening and construction of nanobodies against human CD93 using phage libraries and study of their antiangiogenic effects

BackgroundCluster of Differentiation 93 (CD93) plays an important role in angiogenesis and is considered an important target for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, but there are currently no therapeutic antibodies against CD93 in the clinic. Thus, we describe the screening of novel nanobodies (Nbs) targeting human CD93 from a phage library of shark-derived Nbs.MethodsScreening and enrichment of phage libraries by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-CD93 Nbs were purified by expression in E. coli. The binding affinity of anti-CD93 Nbs NC81/NC89 for CD93 was examined by flow cytometry (FC) and ELISA. The thermal stability of NC81/NC89 was examined by ELISA and CD spectroscopy. Afterward, the anti-angiogenic ability of NC81/NC89 was examined by MTT, wound healing assay, and tube formation assay. The expression level of VE-cadherin (VE-Ca) and CD93 was detected by Western Blot (WB). The binding sites and binding forms of NC81/NC89 to CD93 were analyzed by molecular docking.ResultsThe anti-CD93 Nbs were screened in a phage library, expressed in E. coli, and purified to >95% purity. The results of FC and ELISA showed that NC81/NC89 have binding ability to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results of ELISA and CD spectroscopy showed that NC81/NC89 retained the ability to bind CD93 at 80°C and that the secondary structure remained stable. In vitro, the results showed that NC81 and NC89 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as tube formation on Matrigel. Western Blot showed that NC81 and NC89 also inhibited the expression of VE-Ca thereby increasing vascular permeability. It was found during molecular docking that the CDR regions of NC81 and NC89 could be attached to CD93 by strong hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, and the binding sites were different.ConclusionWe have successfully isolated NC81 and NC89, which bind CD93, and both Nbs significantly inhibit angiogenesis and increase vascular permeability. These results suggest that NC81 and NC89 have potential clinical applications in angiogenesis-related therapies

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Light-induced enhancement of the minority carrier lifetime in boron-doped Czochralski silicon passivated by doped silicon nitride

This study reports a doubling of the effective minority carrier lifetime under light soaking conditions, observed in a boron-doped p-type Czochralski grown silicon wafer passivated by a phosphorus-doped silicon nitride thin film. The analysis of capacitance-voltage curves revealed that the fixed charge in this phosphorus-doped silicon nitride film was negative, which was unlike the well-known positive fixed charges observed in traditional undoped silicon nitride. The analysis results revealed that the enhancement phenomenon of minority carrier lifetime was caused by the abrupt increase in the density of negative fixed charge (from 7.2 x 10(11) to 1.2 x 10(12) cm(-2)) after light soaking. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Tea Quality of the Mysterious “Dahongpao Mother Tree” (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

The quality of the Dahongpao mother tree (Camellia sinensis) remains a mystery to this day. In this study, for the first time, the differences between the Dahongpao mother tree (MD) and Dahongpao cuttings (PD), in terms of odor characteristics and taste characteristics were analyzed by metabomics. The results showed that MD had stronger floral, fruity, green, and woody odor characteristics than PD, and that the contributions were mainly from dihydromyrcenol, methyl salicylate, 2-isobutylpyrazine, 1,6-dihydrocarveol, gamma-terpineol, and linalyl acetate. Further, fresh and brisk taste and mellowness taste characteristics of MD were significantly higher than PD, with contributions mainly from amino acids and derivatives and organic acids. Secondly, bitterness taste characteristics of PD were significantly higher than MD, with contributions from phenolic acids, flavones, and flavonols. This study preliminarily unraveled the legend of the superior quality of the Dahongpao mother tree, and also provided an important reference for the breeding of tea-tree cuttings

A novel algorithm for estimating phytoplankton algal density in inland eutrophic lakes based on Sentinel-3 OLCI images

As one of the optically active components, phytoplankton are common photosynthetic organisms in oceans, nearshore, and inland water bodies. The variations in phytoplankton algal density play a crucial role in understanding primary productivity, carbon cycling, and early warning of algal blooms. In this study, three typical eutrophic lakes in China, Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu, and Lake Dianchi, were taken as the research area. Algorithms for estimating algal density of cyanobacteria-dominated and non-cyanobacteria-dominated water types were developed based on Mie theory. The results demonstrated that the developed algorithm had favorable estimation performance for inland eutrophic lakes, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.88, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 51%, an unbiased mean absolute percentage error (UMAPE) of 39%, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 23.99 × 106 cells/L. Furthermore, comparison with other algorithms for estimating algal density showed that the developed algorithm had the lowest MAPE of 60% and UMAPE of 43%, with the RMSE of 23.42 × 106cells/L. Extensive evaluation based on satellite-ground synchronous data demonstrated the applicability of the developed algorithm to the Sentinel-3 OLCI sensor, enabling the determination of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of algal density in the three lakes from 2016 to 2022 using Sentinel-3 OLCI images. The results of algal density inversion revealed a continuous decreasing trend in algal density in Lake Dianchi from 2016 to 2022, while the algal density in Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu both decreased after 2019

Fatal BK polyomavirus-associated pneumonia: report of two cases with literature review

Abstract Background In immunocompromised populations, such as patients with AIDS and recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can reactivate and cause several diseases, which can lead to death in their severe forms. Unlike hemorrhagic cystitis and BKPyV-associated nephropathy, BKPyV-associated pneumonia is rare, with only seven known cases worldwide. However, the disease can rapidly progress with extremely high mortality. Case presentation Herein, we report two cases of BKPyV-associated pneumonia following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Both patients had consistent infectious pneumonia and graft-versus-host disease after stem cell transplantation. The diagnosis of BKPyV-associated pneumonia was confirmed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction after the sudden worsening of the pulmonary infection signs and symptoms concomitant with renal dysfunction and systemic immune weakening. Both patients eventually died of systemic multi-organ failure caused by severe pneumonia. Conclusions Currently, BKPyV reactivation cannot be effectively prevented. Immunocompromised patients must actively manage their primary lung infections, pay close attention to pulmonary signs and imaging changes. Especially during and after steroid pulse therapy or immunosuppressive therapy for graft versus host diseases, BKPyV load in blood/urine needs to be regularly measured, and the immunosuppressive intensity should be adjusted properly after the BKPyV reactivation diagnosis. Clinical trials of new antiviral drugs and therapies for BKPyV are urgently needed