Location of posterior superior alveolar artery and evaluation of maxillary sinus anatomy with computerized tomography: a clinical study

Objectives: Knowledge and evaluation of the maxillary sinus anatomy before sinus augmentation are essential for avoiding surgical complications. Posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) is the branch of maxillary artery that supplies lateral sinus wall and overlying membrane. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence, diameter, and location of the PSAA and its relationship to the alveolar ridge and to study the prevalence of the sinus pathology and septum using computerized tomography (CT) scans. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty‐one CT scans (242 sinuses) from patients undergoing sinus augmentation procedure and/or implant therapy were included. Lower border of the artery to the alveolar crest, bone height below the sinus floor to the ridge crest, distance of the artery to the medial sinus wall, diameter of the artery, and position of the artery were measured; presence of septa and pathology were recorded from CT sections. Results: Prevalence of sinus septa and sinus pathology was 16.1% and 24.8%, respectively. Artery was seen in 64.5% of all sinuses and was mostly intraosseous (68.2%). Mean diameter of PSAA was found 1.3 ± 0.5 mm. No significant correlation between the diameter of the artery and age was observed. Conclusions: The results from this study suggested that CT scan is a valuable tool in evaluating presence of sinus pathology, septa, and arteries before maxillary sinus surgery. Although variations exist in every patient, the findings from this study suggest limiting the superior border of the lateral window up to 18 mm from the ridge to avoid any potential vascular damage. To cite this article: Güncü GN, Yildirim YD, Wang H‐L, Tözüm TF. Location of posterior superior alveolar artery and evaluation of maxillary sinus anatomy with computerized tomography: a clinical study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res . 22 , 2011; 1164–1167. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02071.xPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86838/1/j.1600-0501.2010.02071.x.pd

Grapevine salt tolerance

Salinity, which is predominantly an issue for agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions, has the potential to impair grape production and wine quality, and its impact on the grape and wine industries is predicted to increase with climate change. Research on the physiological and molecular changes that occur in salt-affected vines has unveiled complex osmotic and ionic responses that include oxidative stress, water loss, photoinhibition, growth inhibition and necrosis. Proposed salt tolerance mechanisms include elevated antioxidant production, hydric regulation and salt exclusion from shoots and berries. These later of these mechanisms is found in certain Vitis genotypes that, when grafted as rootstocks, can protect fruit-bearing scions from accumulating significant amounts of saline ions from soils, most notably through the presence of specific transport proteins that are involved in regulating the transfer of ions from root to shoot via the xylem. Significant gaps in knowledge remain, however, regarding salt tolerance mechanisms for Vitis species, with many mechanisms inferred from other species or documented only at the level of gene expression. A better understanding of the mechanisms that confer salt tolerance in Vitis species is needed to improve the production of new germplasm that is locally adapted and better suited to the challenges of a changing climate. Hence, this review covers the current knowledge on the characteristics that are associated with salt damage and tolerance in grapevine cultivars and rootstocks and highlights possible future avenues that will enable development of new options for the industry to combat salinity.A. Zhou-Tsang, Y. Wu, S.W. Henderson, A.R. Walker, A.R. Borneman, R.R. Walker and M. Gilliha

Cohort profile: the ESC EURObservational Research Programme Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (NSTEMI) Registry

Aims The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) EURObservational Research Programme (EORP) Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) Registry aims to identify international patterns in NSTEMI management in clinical practice and outcomes against the 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without ST-segment-elevation. Methods and results Consecutively hospitalised adult NSTEMI patients (n = 3620) were enrolled between 11 March 2019 and 6 March 2021, and individual patient data prospectively collected at 287 centres in 59 participating countries during a two-week enrolment period per centre. The registry collected data relating to baseline characteristics, major outcomes (inhospital death, acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, bleeding, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, and 30-day mortality) and guideline-recommended NSTEMI care interventions: electrocardiogram pre- or in-hospital, prehospitalization receipt of aspirin, echocardiography, coronary angiography, referral to cardiac rehabilitation, smoking cessation advice, dietary advice, and prescription on discharge of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibition, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), beta-blocker, and statin. Conclusion The EORP NSTEMI Registry is an international, prospective registry of care and outcomes of patients treated for NSTEMI, which will provide unique insights into the contemporary management of hospitalised NSTEMI patients, compliance with ESC 2015 NSTEMI Guidelines, and identify potential barriers to optimal management of this common clinical presentation associated with significant morbidity and mortality