Wavefront Aberration Measurement Deflectometry for Imaging Lens Tests

Lenses play an important role in imaging systems. Having an effective way to test the aberrations of imaging lenses is important. However, the existing methods cannot satisfy the requirements in some conditions. To overcome these difficulties, wavefront aberration measurement deflectometry (WAMD) is proposed in this paper, which can reconstruct the wavefront aberrations of imaging lenses by measuring the angular aberrations. The principle of WAMD is analyzed in detail, and the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified by both a simulation and an experiment. A telephoto lens and a single imaging lens were tested in an experiment, and the RMS errors were 166.8 nm (5.71%) and 58.9 nm (4.74%), respectively, as compared with the interferometer’s results. This method is widely applicable with relatively reasonable accuracy. It has potential to be applied in the lens manufacturing and alignment process

Data_Sheet_1_Microbial treatment of alcoholic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

Background and aimsAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by impaired liver function due to chronic alcohol consumption, even fatal in severe cases. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether microbial agents have therapeutic potential for ALD and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods and resultsForty-one studies were eligible for this meta-analysis after searching the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The combined analysis showed that microbial therapy significantly decreased hepatic enzymatic parameters, including alanine transaminase [standardized mean difference (SMD): –2.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): –3.33 to –2.07], aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: –3.37, 95% CI: –4.25 to –2.49), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (SMD: -2.07, 95% CI: –3.01 to –1.12), and alkaline phosphatase (SMD: –2.12, 95% CI: –3.32 to –0.92). Microbial agents endotoxin to enter the portal circulation and increasing reduced total cholesterol (SMD = -2.75, 95%CI -4.03 to -1.46) and triglycerides (SMD = –2.64, 95% CI: –3.22 to –2.06). Microbial agents increased amounts of the beneficial flora Lactobacillus (SMD: 4.40, 95% CI: 0.97–7.84) and Bifidobacteria (SMD: 3.84, 95% CI: 0.22–7.45), Bacteroidetes (SMD: 2.51, 95% CI: 0.29–4.72) and decreased harmful Proteobacteria (SMD: –4.18, 95% CI: –6.60 to –1.77), protecting the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and relieving endotoxin (SMD: –2.70, 95% CI: -3.52 to –2.17) into the portal vein, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD: –3.35, 95% CI: –4.31 to –2.38), interleukin-6 (SMD: –4.28, 95% CI: –6.13 to –2.43), and interleukin-1β (SMD: –4.28, 95% CI: –6.37 to –2.19). Oxidative stress was also relieved, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde levels (SMD: –4.70, 95% CI: –6.21 to –3.20). Superoxide dismutase (SMD: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.16–3.15) and glutathione levels (SMD: 3.80, 95% CI: 0.95–6.66) were elevated.ConclusionMicrobial agents can reverse dysbiosis in ALD, thus significantly interfering with lipid metabolism, relieving inflammatory response and inhibiting oxidative stress to improve liver function.</p