Sweetened Beverages, Coffee, and Tea and Depression Risk among Older US Adults

<div><p>Sweetened beverages, coffee, and tea are the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages and may have important health consequences. We prospectively evaluated the consumption of various types of beverages assessed in 1995–1996 in relation to self-reported depression diagnosis after 2000 among 263,923 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from multivariate logistic regressions. The OR (95% CI) comparing ≥4 cans/cups per day with none were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.17–1.44) for soft drinks, 1.38 (1.15–1.65) for fruit drinks, and 0.91 (0.84–0.98) for coffee (all <i>P</i> for trend<0.0001). Null associations were observed for iced-tea and hot tea. In stratified analyses by drinkers of primarily diet versus regular beverages, the ORs were 1.31 (1.16–1.47) for diet versus 1.22 (1.03–1.45) for regular soft drinks, 1.51 (1.18–1.92) for diet versus 1.08 (0.79–1.46) for regular fruit drinks, and 1.25 (1.10–1.41) for diet versus 0.94 (0.83–1.08) for regular sweetened iced-tea. Finally, compared to nondrinkers, drinking coffee or tea without any sweetener was associated with a lower risk for depression, adding artificial sweeteners, but not sugar or honey, was associated with higher risks. Frequent consumption of sweetened beverages, especially diet drinks, may increase depression risk among older adults, whereas coffee consumption may lower the risk.</p></div

Alcohol Consumption, Types of Alcohol, and Parkinson’s Disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>The epidemiologic evidence on alcohol consumption and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is equivocal. We prospectively examined total alcohol consumption and consumption of specific types of alcoholic beverage in relation to future risk of PD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study comprised 306,895 participants (180,235 male and 126,660 female) ages 50–71 years in 1995–1996 from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Consumption of alcoholic beverages in the past 12 months was assessed in 1995–1996. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from logistic regression models.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 1,113 PD cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2006 were included in the analysis. Total alcohol consumption was not associated with PD. However, the association differed by types of alcoholic beverages. Compared with non-beer drinkers, the multivariate ORs for beer drinkers were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.92) for <1 drink/day, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.07) for 1–1.99 drinks/day, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.21) for ≥2 drinks/day. For liquor consumption, a monotonic increase in PD risk was suggested: ORs (95% CI) were 1.06 (0.91, 1.23), 1.22 (0.94, 1.58), and 1.35 (1.02, 1.80) for <1, 1–1.99, and ≥2 drinks/day, respectively (P for trend <0.03). Additional analyses among exclusive drinkers of one specific type of alcoholic beverage supported the robustness of these findings. The results for wine consumption were less clear, although a borderline lower PD risk was observed when comparing wine drinkers of 1–1.99 drinks/day with none drinkers (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.02).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our results suggest that beer and liquor consumption may have opposite associations with PD: low to moderate beer consumption with lower PD risk and greater liquor consumption with higher risk. These findings and potential underlying mechanisms warrant further investigations.</p></div

Odds ratios^a and 95% confidence intervals of depression according to baseline consumption of caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2006.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.</p>a<p>Adjusted for age at baseline, sex, race, education, marital status, smoking, alcoholic beverage intake, physical activity, body mass index, and energy intake.</p>b<p>Numbers may not add up to total due to missing.</p

Odds ratios^a and 95% confidence intervals of depression according to baseline beverage consumption in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2006.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio;</p>a<p>Adjusted for age at baseline, sex, race, education, marital status, smoking, alcoholic beverage intake, physical activity, body mass index, and energy intake.</p>b<p>Numbers may not add up to total due to missing.</p

Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for cause-specific deaths in non-Hispanic black never smokers ^a.

a.<p>Never smokers who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline.</p>b.<p>Adjusted for age, sex, education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/postgraduate), marital status (married and not married), physical activity (never/rare, ≤3 times/mo, and 1–2 and ≥3 times/wk), alcohol consumption (0, >0–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day) and menopausal hormone therapy use in women (never, ever).</p

Relative risk of death from any cause according to waist circumference and body mass index.

<p>The multivariate models used person-time as the underlying time metric and included the following covariates: age at entry (continuous), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, Asian), smoking status (never, former, current), and alcohol intake (0, <1, <3, ≥3 drinks per day). The analysis of waist circumference was additionally adjusted for body-mass index (18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, ≥35.0 kg/m²).</p

Odds ratios^a and 95% confidence intervals of depression according to baseline consumption of regular or diet sweetened beverages in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2006.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.</p>a<p>Adjusted for age at baseline, sex, race, education, marital status, smoking, alcoholic beverage intake, physical activity and body mass index, and energy intake.</p>b<p>Numbers may not add up to total due to missing.</p

Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for total mortality by categories of body mass index in non-Hispanic blacks.

a.<p>Subjects who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline.</p>b.<p>Per 100,000 person-years, directly standardized to the age distribution of the cohort according to sex.</p>c.<p>Adjusted for age, sex, education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/postgraduate), marital status (married and not married), smoking status (never, former, current), time since quitting smoking (never, stopped ≥10 years ago, stopped 5–9 years ago, stopped 1–4 years ago, stopped <1 year ago, and currently smoking), number of cigarettes per day (0, 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and >60 cigarettes/day), physical activity (never/rare, ≤3 times/mo, and 1–2 and ≥3 times/wk), alcohol consumption (0, >0–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day) and menopausal hormone therapy use in women (never, ever). In analysis of men and women, sex was excluded from the list of covariates.</p>d.<p>Adjusted for same covariates as noted in footnote c, except smoking status, time since quitting, and number of cigarettes per day. In analysis of men and women separately, sex was excluded from the list of covariates.</p

Odds Ratios of Parkinson’s Disease According to Consumption of Total Alcohol and Specific Types of Alcoholic Beverages, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2006.

<p>CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PD = Parkinson’s disease.</p>a<p>Adjusted for age.</p>b<p>Additional adjustment for sex, race, education, marital status, smoking, caffeine intake, physical activity, and self-evaluated health status.</p>c<p>Based on Model 2, individual types of alcoholic beverages were adjusted simultaneously.</p

Relative risk for total mortality in non-Hispanic black men and women^{a, b, c}.

<p>a. Subjects who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline b. Adjusted for age, education, marital status, smoking status, time since quitting smoking, number of cigarettes per day, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and menopausal hormone therapy use in women. Analysis of never smokers with no history of diseases at baseline was adjusted for same covariates except smoking status, time since quitting smoking, number of cigarettes per day. c. Men, 1,347 deaths in subjects with no history of disease and 288 deaths in never smokers with no history of diseases: Women, 1,262 deaths in subjects with no history of disease and 425 deaths in never smokers with no history of diseases.</p