sj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X221139057 – Supplemental material for Removal of refractory organics from landfill leachate by in situ electrogenerated H2O2 combined with an Fe0 Fenton-like process

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X221139057 for Removal of refractory organics from landfill leachate by in situ electrogenerated H2O2 combined with an Fe0 Fenton-like process by Zhiheng Li, Jie Bai, Yihui Li and Fan Wang in Waste Management & Research</p

Table1_The effect of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathway on organ inflammatory injury and fibrosis.pdf

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signal transduction pathway is critical in innate immunity, infection, and inflammation. In response to pathogenic microbial infections and other conditions, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes abnormal DNA and initiates a downstream type I interferon response. This paper reviews the pathogenic mechanisms of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in different organs, including changes in fibrosis-related biomarkers, intending to systematically investigate the effect of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signal transduction in inflammation and fibrosis processes. The effects of stimulator of interferon genes in related auto-inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are described in this article, in addition to the application of stimulator of interferon genes-related drugs in treating fibrosis.</p

Enhancing Doxorubicin Delivery toward Tumor by Hydroxyethyl Starch‑<i>g</i>‑Polylactide Partner Nanocarriers

Doxorubicin (DOX), a kind of wide-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug, can cause severe side effects in clinical use. To enhance its antitumor efficacy while reducing the side effects, two kinds of nanoparticles with desirable compositions and properties were assembled using optimally synthesized hydroxyethyl starch-grafted-polylactide (HES-<i>g</i>-PLA) copolymers and utilized as partner nanocarriers. The large empty HES-<i>g</i>-PLA nanoparticles (mean size, <i>ca.</i> 700 nm), at an optimized dose of 400 mg/kg, were used to block up the reticuloendothelial system in tumor-bearing mice 1.5 h in advance, and the small DOX-loaded HES-<i>g</i>-PLA nanoparticles (mean size, <i>ca.</i> 130 nm) were subsequently applied to the mice. When these partner nanocarriers were administered in this sequential mode, the released DOX had a significantly prolonged plasma half-life time and much slower clearance rate as well as a largely enhanced intratumoral accumulation as compared to free DOX. <i>In vivo</i> antitumor studies demonstrated that the DOX-loaded HES-<i>g</i>-PLA nanoparticles working together with their partner exhibited remarkably enhanced antitumor efficacy in comparison to free DOX. In addition, these HES-<i>g</i>-PLA partner nanocarriers showed negligible damage to the normal organs of the treated mice. Considering safe and efficient antitumor performance of DOX-loaded HES-<i>g</i>-PLA nanoparticles, the newly developed partner nanocarriers in combination with their administration mode have promising potential in clinical cancer chemotherapy

Nanocolloidosomes with Selective Drug Release for Active Tumor-Targeted Imaging-Guided Photothermal/Chemo Combination Therapy

Selective drug release is highly desirable for photothermal/chemo combination therapy when two or even more theranostic agents are encapsulated together within the same nanocarrier. A conventional nanocarrier can hardly achieve this goal. Herein, doxorubicin and indocyanine green (DOX/ICG)-loaded nanocolloidosomes (NCs), with selective drug release, were fabricated as a novel multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for photothermal/chemo combination therapy. Templating from galactose-functionalized hydroxyethyl starch-polycaprolactone (Gal-HES-PCL) nanoparticles-stabilized Pickering emulsions, the resultant DOX/ICG@Gal-HES-PCL NCs had a diameter of around 140 nm and showed an outstanding tumor-targeting ability, preferable tumor penetration capability, and promotion of photothermal effect. Moreover, these NCs can be used for NIR fluorescence imaging and thus render real-time imaging of solid tumors with high contrast. Collectively, such NCs achieved the best in vivo antitumor efficacy combined with laser irradiation compared with DOX/ICG@HES-PCL NCs and DOX/ICG mixture. These NCs are valuable for active tumor-targeted imaging-guided combination therapy against liver cancer and potentially other diseases

Redox-Sensitive Hydroxyethyl Starch–Doxorubicin Conjugate for Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most potent anticancer agents in cancer chemotherapy, but the clinical use of DOX is restricted by its severe side effects caused by nonspecific delivery. To alleviate the side effects and improve the antitumor efficacy of DOX, a novel redox-sensitive hydroxyethyl starch–doxorubicin conjugate, HES-SS-DOX, with diameter of 19.9 ± 0.4 nm was successfully prepared for tumor targeted drug delivery and GSH-mediated intracellular drug release. HES-SS-DOX was relatively stable under extracellular GSH level (∼2 μM) but released DOX quickly under intracellular GSH level (2–10 mM). In vitro cell study confirmed the GSH-mediated cytotoxicity of HES-SS-DOX. HES-SS-DOX exhibited prolonged plasma half-life time and enhanced tumor accumulation in comparison to free DOX. As a consequence, HES-SS-DOX exhibited better antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity as compared to free DOX in the in vivo antitumor activity study. The redox-sensitive HES-SS-DOX was proved to be a promising prodrug of DOX, with clinical potentials, to achieve tumor targeted drug delivery and timely intracellular drug release for effective and safe cancer chemotherapy

Distribution of LA mean strain of AF with different stroke risk score.

<p>Low (CHADS₂/CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of 0), moderate (CHADS₂ /CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of 1), and high (CHADS₂/CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of ≥2) risk; The central box represents the values from the lower to upper quartile (25th to 75th percentile). The middle line represents the median. The whiskers extend from the minimum to the maximum value.</p

Examples of strain wave of curves of different colors representing the strain of different segments of atrial walls.

<p>Imagine A (from 4-chamber view) and B (from 2-chamber view) show the strain wave from a paroxysmal AF subjects. </p

α‑Amylase- and Redox-Responsive Nanoparticles for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery

Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective antineoplastic agent and shows potent antitumor activity against a wide spectrum of cancers. Yet, the wide clinical use of PTX is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and the side effects associated with its current therapeutic formulation. To tackle these obstacles, we report, for the first time, α-amylase- and redox-responsive nanoparticles based on hydroxyethyl starch (HES) for the tumor-targeted delivery of PTX. PTX is conjugated onto HES by a redox-sensitive disulfide bond to form HES–SS-PTX, which was confirmed by results from NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The HES–SS-PTX conjugates assemble into stable and monodispersed nanoparticles (NPs), as characterized with Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. In blood, α-amylase will degrade the HES shell and thus decrease the size of the HES–SS-PTX NPs, facilitating NP extravasation and penetration into the tumor. A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the HES–SS-PTX NPs have a longer half-life than that of the commercial PTX formulation (Taxol). As a consequence, HES–SS-PTX NPs accumulate more in the tumor compared with the extent of Taxol, as shown in an in vivo imaging study. Under reductive conditions, the HES–SS-PTX NPs could disassemble quickly as evidenced by their triggered collapse, burst drug release, and enhanced cytotoxicity against 4T1 tumor cells in the presence of a reducing agent. Collectively, the HES–SS-PTX NPs show improved in vivo antitumor efficacy (63.6 vs 52.4%) and reduced toxicity in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice compared with those of Taxol. These results highlight the advantages of HES-based α-amylase- and redox-responsive NPs, showing their great clinical translation potential for cancer chemotherapy