Molecular Dynamics Simulation Combined with Near-Field Electromagnetic Analysis for Ultrashort-Pulsed Light-Induced Plasmonic Nanobubbles

Ultrashort-pulsed light-induced nanobubbles gain great attention in research fields such as cancer therapy, optical imaging, and drug delivery. However, the mechanism governing the nucleation and growth of nanobubbles remains controversial. In this study, a molecular dynamics simulation combined with near-field electromagnetic theory is developed to investigate the influence of the localized surface plasmon resonance effect (LSPR) on nanobubble nucleation under various time-length pulsed light and to reveal the energy transfer differences during the nanobubble generation process. The results show that when silver nanoparticles (NPs) are irradiated by a 5 ps shorter-pulsed light, the temperature of the water layer adjacent to the nanoparticle surpasses that of the nanoparticle itself and reaches the spinodal temperature. This leads to nanobubbles’ rapid nucleation at approximately 20 ps, which is 80 ps earlier than that irradiated by a 100 ps longer-pulsed light. Comparatively, during longer-pulsed light irradiation, a slower increase in both the temperature of the silver NPs and the water layer results in delayed nucleation of nanobubbles. Therefore, the plasmonic nanobubbles (PNBs) were observed around in 74 and 100 ps when irradiated by 50 and 100 ps longer-pulsed light, respectively. Moreover, the result indicates that the LSPR-induced enhanced electric field by shorter-pulsed light (5 ps) is 2.1 × 1010 V/m, which can accelerate the motion of water molecules surrounding silver NPs, resulting in rapid generation of nanobubbles. However, the intensities of the resonant electric field drop to 5.6 × 109 and 5.0 × 109 V/m when the duration times of pulsed light are 50 and 100 ps, respectively. These results indicate that the energy transfer mechanism of plasmonic nanobubbles (PNBs) under ultrashort-pulsed light irradiation might be very different from that of thermally mediated nanobubbles (TNBs). This work provides new insights into understanding the generation of PNBs induced by ultrashort-pulsed light

Additional file 1 of In-hospital and mid-term follow-up of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and target-goal attainment among patients with acute cerebral infarction: a retrospective study

Supplementary Material

Coumarin–Ir(III) Complex Anchored on Polymer Film as Photosensitizer for Efficient, Long-Term Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

A novel photosensitizer hybrid film (Ir(cumr)2(dabpy)+@NWF-g-MAH) has been designed and synthesized by anchoring a coumarin–Ir(III) complex on a polymer substrate. Photocatalytic tests show that Ir(cumr)2(dabpy)+@NWF-g-MAH displays a long lifetime of over 650 h under visible-light irradiation. The hydrogen evolution efficiency of Ir(cumr)2(dabpy)+@NWF-g-MAH is nearly 25 times higher than that of [Ir(ppy)2(dabpy)]+@NWF-g-MAH in 100 h, and optimizing the average concentration of Ir(cumr)2(dabpy)+@NWF-g-MAH in the hydrogen evolution system improves the hydrogen evolution amount to 12 790 μmol m–2. This photocatalytic system achieves the best synergy of hydrogen evolution efficiency and lifetime so far. The high performance is derived from the sterically bulky substrate effectively inhibiting the photodegradation of the photosensitizer and the coumarin group with strong visible-light absorption in the visible region. This work provides a novel direction for developing a durable and efficient Ir(III) complex for photocatalytic application

Changes in the abundance of GmMAN1 in the leaves (L), stem (S) and roots (R) in wounded (W) and control (C) soybean plants.

<p>Molecular masses (kDa) are indicated on the right. Equal amounts (100 µg) of protein were loaded on each lane.</p

Changes in the abundance of GmMAN1 in abscission zone (Z) and non-abscission zone (N) in soybean petiole explants.

<p>Molecular masses (kDa) are indicated on the right. Equal amounts (100 µg) of protein were loaded on each lane.</p

Changes in the abundance of <i>GmMAN1</i> transcripts in abscission zone (Z) and non-abscission zone (N) in soybean petiole explants.

<p>Equal amounts (20 µg) of RNA were loaded on each lane.</p

Changes in endo-β-mannanase activity in the leaves (A), stem (B) and roots (C) in soybean plants after wounding.

<p>Plants of 17-d-old were wounded by removing half of the leaf blade of the first pair of true leaves. CK: control, unwounded plants. Means of three measurements ±SD.</p

Changes in the ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing isoform profiles of endo-β-mannanase in abscission zone (Z) and non-abscission zone (N) of soybean petiole explants.

<p>Isoelectric points (pI) are indicated on the right. Equal amounts (30 µg) of protein were loaded on each lane.</p

Changes in the ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing isoform profiles of endo-β-mannanase in the leaves (L), stem (S) and roots (R) in soybean plants after wounding.

<p>Plants of 17-d-old were wounded (W) by removing half of the leaf blade of the first pair of true leaves. C: control, unwounded plants. Isoelectric points (pI) are indicated on the right. Equal amounts (30 µg) of protein were loaded on each lane.</p

Changes in the ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing isoform profiles of endo-β-mannanase in abscission zone (Z) and non-abscission zone (N) in intact soybean plants treated with 0.1% (v/v) ethephon.

<p>Isoelectric point (pI) is indicated on the right. Equal amounts (30 µg) of protein were loaded on each lane.</p