Divergent Generation of the Difluoroalkyl Radical and Difluorocarbene via Selective Cleavage of C–S Bonds of the Sulfox-CF₂SO₂Ph Reagent

A new difluoroalkylation reagent Sulfox-CF2SO2Ph bearing both sulfoximine and sulfone moieties was prepared from commercially available SulfoxFluor and PhSO2CF2H. On one hand, the Sulfox-CF2SO2Ph reagent could act as a (phenylsulfonyl)difluoromethyl radical source under photoredox catalysis, in which the arylsulfoximidoyl group is selectively removed. On the other hand, under basic conditions, Sulfox-CF2SO2Ph could serve as a difluorocarbene precursor for S- and O-difluoromethylations with S- and O-nucleophiles, respectively, in which the phenylsulfonyl group in Sulfox-CF2SO2Ph is selectively removed (followed by α-elimination of the arylsulfoximidoyl group)

General characteristics of the obese children and controls.

<p>General characteristics of the obese children and controls.</p

Partial correlation between <i>HIF3A</i> methylation and metabolic indicators adjusted for age and gender.

<p>Partial correlation between <i>HIF3A</i> methylation and metabolic indicators adjusted for age and gender.</p

Partial correlation between <i>HIF3A</i> methylation and metabolic indicators adjusted for age, gender and BMI.

<p>Partial correlation between <i>HIF3A</i> methylation and metabolic indicators adjusted for age, gender and BMI.</p

<i>HIF3A</i> DNA methylation values (in %) for each CpG unit in obese cases and controls.

<p><i>HIF3A</i> DNA methylation values (in %) for each CpG unit in obese cases and controls.</p

Rs12970134 near <i>MC4R</i> is associated with appetite and beverage intake in overweight and obese children: A family-based association study in Chinese population

<div><p>Background</p><p>Recent studies indicated that eating behaviors are under genetic influence, and the melanocortin 4 receptor (<i>MC4R</i>) gene polymorphisms can affect the total energy intake and the consumption of fat, protein and carbohydrates. Our study aims at investigating the association of the <i>MC4R</i> polymorphism with appetite and food intake among Chinese children.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A family-based association study was conducted among 151 Chinese trios whose offsprings were overweight/obese children aged 9–15 years. The rs12970134 near <i>MC4R</i> was genotyped, and the Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) and a self-designed questionnaire measuring food intake were performed. The FBAT and PBAT software packages were used.</p><p>Results</p><p>The family-based association analysis showed that there was a significant association between rs12970134 and obesity (Z = 2.449, <i>P</i> = 0.014). After adjusting for age, gender and standardized BMI, rs12970134 was significantly associated with food responsiveness (FR) among children (β'_b = 0.077, <i>P</i>_b = 0.028), and with satiety responsiveness (SR) in trios (<i>P</i> = -0.026). The polymorphism was associated with beverage intake (β'_b = 0.331, <i>P</i>_b = 0.00016 in children; <i>P</i> = 0.043 in trios), but not significantly associated with vegetable, fruit or meat intake (<i>P</i>>0.050). We further found a significant mediation effect among the rs12970134, FR and beverage intake (b = 0.177, <i>P</i> = 0.047).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our study is the first to report that rs12970134 near <i>MC4R</i> was associated with appetite and beverage intake, and food responsiveness could mediate the effect of rs12970134 on beverage intake in overweight and obese Chinese children population. Further studies are needed to uncover the genetic basis for eating behaviors, which could lead to develop and implement effective interventional strategies early in life.</p></div

Mediation analysis of rs12970134, food responsiveness and beverage intake among overweight and obese children.

<p>Mediation analysis of rs12970134, food responsiveness and beverage intake among overweight and obese children.</p

Association between the <i>MC4R</i> rs12970134 polymorphism and appetite.

<p>Association between the <i>MC4R</i> rs12970134 polymorphism and appetite.</p

Demographics and the dietary characteristics of the study subjects.

<p>Demographics and the dietary characteristics of the study subjects.</p

"Art is nothing if it is not new"

Body Mass Index Reference Norm for Screening Overweight and Obesity Among Chinese children aged 7–18 years (kg/m2). (DOC 69 kb