Phylogenetic analysis among 27 Chinese populations and genetic polymorphisms of 20 autosomal STR loci in a Chinese Uyghur ethnic minority group

<p>Allele frequency data and forensic statistical parameters were determined for 20 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci of the PowerPlex 21 System in 214 unrelated healthy individuals of a Uyghur ethnic minority group living in Xinjiang province, northwest China. A total of 232 alleles were observed with the corresponding allele frequencies ranging from 0.0023 to 0.5304. All loci were consistent with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) after the Bonferroni correction (<i>p</i> > 0.0025). The combined probability of exclusion, power of discrimination, probability of matching value were 0.999999999, 0.9999999999999999999999995, and 4.78246 × 10⁻²⁵, respectively. Our results revealed that the 20 STRs were highly polymorphic and informative, and could be suitable for forensic application, especially parentage test and personal identification. The further population comparison between the Uyghur and other 26 reference populations revealed that the loci of D13S317, TH01 and D6S1043 showed high ethnical specificity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 19 shared loci demonstrated that the Uyghur had a close genetic relationship with the Kazakh, but a distinct genetic distance with other Chinese populations from different ethnicity and regions.</p

Effects of i.c.v. injection of NPS on Fos immunoreactivity in the AON and Pir in the mouse.

<p><b>A-D</b> photomicrographs show Fos-ir neurons (black) in the AON and Pir in NPS- and vehicle-treated mice, respectively. <b>E, F.</b> Histograms show quantitative analysis of the number of Fos-ir neurons in the AON and Pir following NPS (n = 4 mice) and vehicle (n = 5 mice) i.c.v. injection. Values are means ± SEM. * <i>p</i><0.001. Data were analyzed by independent student's t-test. Bar = 100 µm. Abbreviations: aci, anterior commissure, intrabulbar part; AON, anterior olfactory nucleus; lo, lateral olfactory tract; Pir, piriform cortex; OV, olfactory ventricle.</p

Number of Fos-ir neurons in the VTT, ACo and LEnt after i.c.v. injection of NPS or vehicle.

<p>Values are expressed as means ± SEM. Cells were counted bilaterally per animal. * <i>p</i><0.001, compared with vehicle-treated mice. Data were analyzed by independent student's t-test.</p

Latency to find the buried food following i.c.v. injection of vehicle, NPS or [D-Val⁵]NPS and NPS + [D-Val⁵]NPS in mice.

<p>Values are means ± SEM (n = 10 mice in each group). * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.001. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and followed by Fisher's LSD test.</p

Olfactory habituation and dishabituation test in mice following i.c.v. co-injection of NPS and [D-Val⁵]NPS.

<p><b>A.</b> The administration of 0.5 nmol NPS + 20 nmol [D-Val⁵]NPS exhibited significant habituation to water, and dishabituation almod to vanilla. <b>B.</b> The administration of 0.5 nmol NPS + 40 nmol [D-Val⁵]NPS exhibited significant habituation only to water. <b>C.</b> The administration of 0.5 nmol NPS + 40 nmol [D-Val⁵]NPS significantly blocked the effect of NPS in increase of the total sniffing time in olfactory habituation and dishabituation tasks. Values are means ± SEM (n = 10 mice in each group). * <i>p</i><0.001 for habituation; ^#<i>p</i><0.05 for dishabituation; data were analyzed using within-group Repeated Measures ANOVA and followed by the Newman-Keuls tests. ^&<i>p</i><0.001, data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and followed by Fisher's LSD test.</p

NPS-induced Fos-ir neurons bearing NPSR in the AON and Pir.

<p>Photomicrographs show Fos-ir neurons in the AON (A) and Pir (D) after NPS i.c.v. administration, NPSR-ir neurons in the AON (B) and Pir (E), and the co-expression of Fos-ir and NPSR-ir neurons in the AON (C) and Pir (F), respectively. Arrow (C and F) show the co-expression of Fos-ir and NPSR-ir neurons. Bar = 50 µm.</p

Schematic drawings show the localization of sections used for Fos-ir neurons counting.

<p>The grey zones represent the AON (Bregma 1.98 mm) and Pir (Bregma 0.62 mm). Abbreviations: AON, anterior olfactory nucleus; Pir, piriform cortex.</p

Effects of NPS on cumulated food intake (A) and intake in periods of time (B) in fasted mice.

<p>Vehicle, 0.5 or 1 nmol of NPS were i.c.v. administrated in mice fasted for 32 h. Values are means ± SEM (n = 10 mice in vehicle group, n = 9 mice in each NPS group). * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and followed by Fisher's LSD test.</p

Latency to find the buried food following i.c.v. injection of vehicle or NPS in mice.

<p>Values are means ± SEM (n = 10 mice in each group). * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.001. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and followed by Fisher's LSD test.</p