Does reduced usage of antibiotics in livestock production mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in soil, earthworm guts, and the phyllosphere?

The overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry is widespread and believed to significantly contribute to the selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animals. Thus, there is a global drive to reduce antibiotic use in the agricultural sector. However, it has not been established whether a reduction in the use of antibiotics in livestock production would be effective in reducing the spread of ARGs. A microcosm approach was used to determine how the addition of manure with either reduced antibiotic levels or with typical antibiotic levels could affect the spread of antibiotic resistance genes between soil, earthworms and the phyllosphere. When compared to the control soil, earthworm and phyllosphere samples had the greater increase in ARG abundance in conventional manure treatments (P < 0.05). Reduced antibiotic manure also enriched the abundance of ARGs in the phyllosphere and soil but not earthworm guts when compared to the control (P < 0.05). In both soil and earthworm guts, the enrichment of ARGs was lower in reduced antibiotic manure than in conventional manure. This study has identified bacterial transfer through the soil-earthworm-phyllosphere system as a potential means to spread ARGs between habitats after fertilization with livestock derived manures

Distribution and Permeability of Capillaries at the Skin of the Conception Vessel and the Governor Vessel in Healthy Rabbits

ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution and permeability of blood vessels on the Conception Vessel and the Governor Vessel in the physiological state.MethodsEvans blue (EB) solution was injected into the marginal ear vein of healthy rabbits. Three hours after injection, the rabbits were sacrificed and the skin on the Conception Vessel and the Governor Vessel and the corresponding bilateral non-channels was collected. EB was extracted with 7:3 acetone: physiological saline, and the absorbance of EB at each skin tissue was measured with a spectrophotometer.ResultsThe A value of EB absorbance at the Conception Vessel on the abdominal skin was lower than that of the corresponding bilateral non-channels with a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). The A value of EB absorbance at the Governor Vessel on the back was higher than that of the corresponding bilateral non-channels (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the A value of EB absorbance between the bilateral non-channels of the abdomen and the back (P>0.05).ConclusionThere were differences in capillary distribution and permeability between the Conception Vessel, the Governor Vessel and the corresponding bilateral non-meridians

Daunorubicin and gambogic acid co-loaded cysteamine-CdTe quantum dots minimizing the multidrug resistance of lymphoma in vitro and in vivo

To minimize the side effects and the multidrug resistance (MDR) arising from daunorubicin (DNR) treatment of malignant lymphoma, a chemotherapy formulation of cysteamine-modified cadmium tellurium (Cys-CdTe) quantum dots coloaded with DNR and gambogic acid (GA) nanoparticles (DNR-GA-Cys-CdTe NPs) was developed. The physical property, drug-loading efficiency and drug release behavior of these DNR-GA-Cys-CdTe NPs were evaluated, and their cytotoxicity was explored by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. These DNR-GA-Cys-CdTe NPs possessed a pH-responsive behavior, and displayed a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity on multidrug-resistant lymphoma Raji/DNR cells. The accumulation of DNR inside the cells, revealed by flow cytometry assay, and the down-regulated expression of P-glycoprotein inside the Raji/DNR cells measured by Western blotting assay indicated that these DNR-GA-Cys-CdTe NPs could minimize the MDR of Raji/DNR cells. This multidrug delivery system would be a promising strategy for minimizing MDR against the lymphoma

N 2,N 2,N 5,N 5-Tetra­kis(2-chloro­ethyl)-3,4-dimethyl­thio­phene-2,5-dicarboxamide

In the title compound, C16H22Cl4N2O2S, the two imide groups adopt a trans arrangement relative to the central thienyl ring, so the four terminal 2-chloro­ethyl arms adopt different orientations. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

Aqua­trinitrato[2,4,6-tris­(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine]neodymium(III) dihydrate

In the title compound, [Nd(NO3)3(C18H12N6)(H2O)]·2H2O, the Nd3+ ion is in a distorted bicapped square-anti­prismatic geometry formed by three N atoms from the 2,4,6-tris­(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) ligand, six O atoms from the three nitrate anions and one O atom from the aqua ligand. The mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Two types of π–π stacking inter­actions occur between the TPTZ ligands of adjacent complexes [centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.760 (4) and 3.870 (3) Å]