Impact of historical weight on the strategy convergence.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102840#pone-0102840-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4A, 4B and 4C</a> illustrate the evolution results of the frugal, cool-headed, and anxious strategies of buyers using different weights. The Y axis represents the number of agents using each strategy in the population. Similarly, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102840#pone-0102840-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4D, 4E and 4F</a> represent the corresponding results for sellers.</p

The negotiation model.

<p>The circles denote buyers; triangles denote sellers, and ellipses denote environmental factors. The values ,, are probabilities of the frugal, cool-headed and anxious strategies of buyers, respectively, and ,,are the corresponding strategies for the sellers. The shaded area represents the selected strategy in the current period. At the end of each negotiation period, the buyers (sellers) calculate the reward through reinforcement learning and update ,,(,,) accordingly. The process continues until the strategies of all agents in the market converge to a stable state.</p

Image features variation with PM index.

<p>(a~d): Hazy images showing that the contrast of the building region decreases with the PM index, where the lower panel shows the zooming-in images of the regions marked by the red boxes. (e) The normalized features vs. PM_2.5 index plot, including ROI RMS contrast (blue), image entropy (black), and image RMS contrast (red).</p

Regression results with and without humidity as a feature.

<p>Regression results with and without humidity as a feature.</p

PM estimation via outdoor image analysis.

<p>PM estimation via outdoor image analysis.</p

The transmission decreases as the distance or PM_2.5 index increases.

<p>(a) Schematic illustration of transmission variation with distance. (b) Four ROIs (r₁~r₄) located at increasing distances. (c) The estimated transmission map. (d) Semi-logarithmic plots of transmission curves vs. distance under different haze conditions.</p

Sky color dependence on solar zenith angle.

<p>(a) Definition of solar zenith angle. (b) Sample images show that the sky near horizon is red during sunrise and sunset on the same day compared with noon time.</p

Rapid and Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Method for the Combinatorial Synthesis of Spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-<i>c</i>]pyrazole] Derivatives

An efficient one-pot synthesis of spiro­[indoline-3,4′-pyrano­[2,3-<i>c</i>]­pyrazole] derivatives by four-component reaction of hydrazine, β-keto ester, isatin, and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate catalyzed by piperidine under ultrasound irradiation is described. This synthesis was confirmed to follow the group-assistant-purification chemistry (GAP) chemistry process, which can avoid traditional chromatography and recrystallization purifications