Data_Sheet_1_Social Q&A communities: A multi-factor study of the influence of users’ knowledge sharing behaviors.PDF

Recently, social Q&A communities have grown increasingly popular, serving as a primary platform for people to learn and share information. Nonetheless, fewer knowledge producers in these communities are significant than knowledge consumers. Thus, promoting users’ participation in knowledge sharing is a challenge for managers of social Q&A communities. Even though many scholars have studied factors influencing willingness to share knowledge, they tend to start with one theory and ignore the impact of several factors on behaviors. Thus, this manuscript presents a multi-factor model based on three dimensions of technology, cognition, and security to explore the effects of the six factors of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms, perceived security, and perceived privacy in terms of the three knowledge sharing methods of browsing including like and favorite, publishing and replying, and to compare users’ willingness to use the three knowledge sharing methods. A total of 482 questionnaires were collected online, and the hypotheses were tested and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). According to the results, the factors affecting different sharing methods are not the same. Perceived behavioral control and perceived security can have a significant influence on their willingness to browse, users’ willingness to publish and reply to posts is significantly influenced by their perception of behavioral control and subjective norms, while perceived usefulness also affects their willingness to respond, it can be seen that cognition is the most important factor affecting users’ knowledge sharing among the three dimensions. In addition, users’ willingness to browse is significantly greater than their willingness to reply, and their willingness to post is the lowest.</p

<i>NbTOM1</i> transcript levels and virus accumulation with overexpression or silencing of <i>NbTOM1</i> in <i>Nicotiana</i><i>benthamiana</i>.

<p>(A) The transcriptional levels of <i>NbTOM1</i> were detected in mock inoculation buffer, HLSV, TMV, HLSV+TMV (100:1) and HLSV+TMV (1:1) co-infected plants. The viral RNA levels of HLSV and TMV were determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR with primer sequences corresponding to the coat protein genes in HLSV, or TMV or co-infected leaves. (B and C) The transcriptional levels of <i>NbTOM1</i> were detected in <i>NbTOM1</i>overexpressed or silenced leaves. The viral RNA levels were detected in plants first infiltrated with pGreen orpGreen-<i>NbTOM1</i> (for overexpression), and pGreen or pGreen-<i>NbTOM1</i>(nt1-581) (for silencing), followed by single virus (HLSV or TMV) infection or co-infection(HLSV+TMV) at 40 h post inoculation (hpi). (D) The coat proteins of HLSV and TMV were detected by western blot in <i>NbTOM1</i>overexpressed or silenced leaves which were subsequently infected with single virus (HLSV or TMV) or co-infected with HLSV+TMV at 5 dpi (details see Materials & Methods). Total protein from mock buffer inoculated <i>N</i><i>. benthamiana</i> leaves was used as the negative control, while the total protein from HLSV or TMV infected leave samples which were confirmed earlier were used as positive controls.</p

Genome organizations of HLSV and TMV and detection of viral RNA and protein levels in cross protection.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Genome organization of HLSV and TMV. Transcriptional level of HLSV (<b>B</b>) or TMV (<b>C</b>) gRNA/total viral RNA determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and translational level of CPs by western blot (<b>B</b> and <b>C</b>). Significant differences were calculated using the Student’s <i>t</i>-test, * and ** indicate significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence, respectively.</p

Cross protection between HLSV and TMV and its symptom expressions in <i>Nicotiana</i><i>benthamiana</i>.

<p>(A) The number of surviving <i>N</i><i>. benthamiana</i> plants inoculated with mock buffer, HLSV, TMV and HLSV+TMV at different time points. All plants survived mock and HLSV inoculation. No plants survived inoculation with TMV. Half of the TMV infected <i>N</i><i>. benthamiana</i> (pre-inoculated with HLSV 12 days earlier) survived at 40 dpi. (B) The top, middle and bottom rows showed the top, close-ups and the side views of mock buffer (M), HLSV (H), TMV (T) and HLSV+TMV (H+T) inoculated <i>N</i><i>. benthamiana</i> plants, respectively. The red dotted line boxes in the top panels highlighted the close-up areas shown in the middle panels. Typical symptoms (red arrows pointing to) of inoculated <i>N</i><i>. benthamiana</i> plants are shown in the middle row. Among them, panel M, no symptom; panel H, mild leaf puckering at 20 dpi; panel T, systemic necrosis (plant death) at 8 dpi; panel H+T, mild mosaic symptoms at 20 dpi, plant height was shorter than H but taller than T inoculated plants. All scale bars represent 1 cm.</p

Transcriptional levels of selected genes in cross protection.

<p>The transcriptional levels of <i>NbARP1</i>, <i>NbCaM3</i>, <i>NbCP2</i>, <i>NbPI</i>, <i>NbVPE1α</i>, <i>NbACO</i>, <i>NbSAR8.2m</i>, <i>NbWIPK</i>, <i>NbWRKY8</i>, <i>NbTOM1, NbHsp101</i> and <i>NbAGO4-2</i>.</p

Hierarchical cluster analysis of transcriptional profiles and gene ontology analysis.

<p>(A) A hierarchical cluster analysis of transcriptional profiles for 24237 genes or ESTs of <i>Nicotiana</i><i>benthamiana</i> inoculated with inoculation buffer (mock), HLSV, HLSV+TMV (plants cross protected by pre-inoculation of HLSV 12 days prior to TMV challenge inoculation). The 3 columns correspond to biological repeats after inoculation with buffer (mock), HLSV, HLSV+TMV and TMV (at 12 dpi for mock and HLSV, and 3 dpi for HLSV+TMV and TMV which is equal to 15 dpi of HLSV). The clustering on the top of hierarchical map represents the differences among samples and biological repeats, while the left clustering is based on the expression levels of different genes. (B) Venn diagram of genes in response to HLSV infection and cross protection. (C) HLSV infection. (D) Gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes in response to HLSV+TMV infection (cross protection).</p

Switching the Immunogenicity of Peptide Assemblies Using Surface Properties

Biomaterials created from supramolecular peptides, proteins, and their derivatives have been receiving increasing interest for both immunological applications, such as vaccines and immunotherapies, as well as ostensibly nonimmunological applications, such as therapeutic delivery or tissue engineering. However, simple rules for either maximizing immunogenicity or abolishing it have yet to be elucidated, even though immunogenicity is a prime consideration for the design of any supramolecular biomaterial intended for use <i>in vivo</i>. Here, we investigated a range of physicochemical properties of fibrillized peptide biomaterials, identifying negative surface charge as a means for completely abolishing antibody and T cell responses against them in mice, even when they display a competent epitope. The work was facilitated by the modularity of the materials, which enabled the generation of a set of co-assembled fibrillar peptide materials with broad ranges of surface properties. It was found that negative surface charge, provided <i>via</i> negatively charged amino acid residues, prevented T cell and antibody responses to antigen-carrying assemblies because it prevented uptake of the materials by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which in turn prevented presentation of the epitope peptide in the APCs’ major histocompatibility class II molecules. Conversely, positive surface charge augmented the uptake of fibrillized peptides by APCs. These findings suggest that some surface characteristics, such as extensive negative charge, should be avoided in vaccine design using supramolecular peptide assemblies. More importantly, it provides a strategy to switch off potentially problematic immunogenicity for using these materials in nonimmunological applications

The pay-off matrix for the interactions between a Player and an Opponent.

<p>The pay-off matrix for the interactions between a Player and an Opponent.</p

Graphical representations of an alternate method to determine the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS).

<p>The graph was constructed using data obtained from 1 dpi (a) and 2 dpi (b). The horizontal axis represents the proportion of HLSV in the population. The left vertical axis shows the relative fitness of TMV and HLSV when no HLSV was present in the population. The right vertical axis shows the relative fitness of TMV and HLSV when all the other competitors were HLSV. The lines connect the fitness of either viruses under both single- and mixed-infections, and the x-value of their intersection represents the proportion of HLSV in the ESS.</p

Achieving High-Rate and Durable Sodium Storage through Confined Construction of NiSe₂ Particles Embedded in Porous N‑Doped Carbon Spheres

As one type of promising anode material, transition-metal selenides have aroused great attention in the research field of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) on account of their high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the intrinsically inferior conductivity, huge volume changes, as well as severe aggregation of transition-metal selenides that take place upon cycling lead to fast degradation of sodium storage performance. In this work, we report the confined construction of NiSe2 particles embedded in porous N-doped carbon spheres (NiSe2/NC) with polydopamine spheres as the functional template involving successive solvothermal, carbonization, and selenization processes. As expected, the porous N-doped carbon spheres could improve the conductivity, facilitate the migration of Na+, and also serve as a stable mechanical support to NiSe2 particles by effectively avoiding the aggregation of NiSe2 and mitigating the volume changes. Consequently, the NiSe2/NC hybrid spheres exhibit a high reversible capacity (489 mA h g–1 at 0.1 A g–1), superior rate capability (212 mA h g–1 at 5 A g–1), and outstanding cycling stability (351 mA h g–1 after 1600 cycles at 1 A g–1). The delicate design of NiSe2/NC hybrid spheres fundamentally offers a valuable guidance for the development of transition-metal selenides, as well as other high capacity anodes with decent electrochemical performance