Biosynthesis of Long-Chain <i>N</i>‑Acyl Amide by a Truncated Polyketide Synthase–Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Hybrid Megasynthase in Fungi

Truncated iterative polyketide synthase–nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) megasynthases in which only the C domain is present are widespread in fungi, yet nearly all members have unknown functions. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the C domains of such PKS-C enzymes are noncanonical due to substitution at the second histidine in the active site H<b>H</b>xxxDG motif. Here, we used genome mining strategy to characterize a cryptic PKS-C hybrid from Talaromyces wortmanii and discovered the products are reduced long-chain polyketides amidated with a specific ω-amino acid 5-aminopentanoic acid (5PA). The wortmanamides resemble long-chain <i>N</i>-acyl-amide signaling lipids that target diverse receptors including GPCRs. The noncanonical C domain of this PKS-C hybrid was also demonstrated to be a bona fide condensation domain that specifically selects 5PA and catalyzes amidation to release polyketide chain

The meaning of acoustic indices in this study.

The recognition of bird species through the analysis of their vocalizations is a crucial aspect of wildlife conservation and biodiversity monitoring. In this study, the acoustic features of Certhia americana, Certhia brachydactyla, and Certhia familiaris were calculated including the Acoustic complexity index (ACI), Acoustic diversity index (ADI), Acoustic evenness index (AEI), Bioacoustic index (BI), Median of the amplitude envelop (MA), and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI). Three machine learning models, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were constructed. The results showed that the XGBoost model had the best performance among the three models, with the highest accuracy (0.8365) and the highest AUC (0.8871). This suggests that XGBoost is an effective tool for bird species recognition based on acoustic indices. The study provides a new approach to bird species recognition that utilizes sound data and acoustic characteristics.</div

The violin plots of acoustic indices grouped by species.

The violin plots of acoustic indices grouped by species.</p

Large Eddy Simulation of Flow around Two Adjacent Tall Buildings

This paper was reviewed and accepted by the APCWE-IX Programme Committee for Presentation at the 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, held from 3-7 December 2017

Data flow diagram for recognition of bird species with birdsong records.

Data flow diagram for recognition of bird species with birdsong records.</p

The performace of machine learning models (Mean±SD).

The performace of machine learning models (Mean±SD).</p

Clinical data and familial investigation of Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II cases in this study.

<p>The numbers. 1,. 2,. 3,. 4,. 5, or. 6 following the patient number indicate father, mother, brother, sister, son, and daughter of the patient, respectively. ID = patient number; F = female; M = male; Y = years; GS = Gilbert syndrome</p><p>Clinical data and familial investigation of Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II cases in this study.</p

Different spectra of <i>UGT1A1</i> variations for CNS-II according to different bilirubin levels.

<p>A. Previously reported spectrum of <i>UGT1A1</i> variations for CNS-II. Bilirubin levels exceed 200 μmol/L in 13 of the 27 cases (0.481); B. Novel spectrum of <i>UGT1A1</i> variations for CNS-II in the present study. Bilirubin levels are under 200 μmol/L in 9 of the 11 cases (0.818).</p

Effects of Thinning and Water Supply Manipulation on the Productivity of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> var. <i>mongolica</i> in Northeastern China - Fig 2

<p>Simulation results of the effects of increasing water supply on biomass (a) and population density (b) of Mongolian pine forest.</p

Methylation-Dependent Acyl Transfer between Polyketide Synthase and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Modules in Fungal Natural Product Biosynthesis

Biochemical studies of purified and dissected fungal polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) hybrid enzymes involved in biosynthesis of pseurotin and aspyridone indicate that one α-methylation step during polyketide synthesis is a prerequisite and a key checkpoint for chain transfer between PKS and NRPS modules. In the absence of the resulting γ-methyl feature, the completed polyketide intermediate is offloaded as an α-pyrone instead of being aminoacylated by the NRPS domain. These examples illustrate that precisely timed tailoring domain activities play critical roles in the overall programming of the iterative PKS (and NRPS) functions